Download - Plants: Adaptations of Plants
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Plants: Adaptations of Plants
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I. ESTABLISHMENT OF PLANTS ON LAND
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• 1. Dominant group of organisms on land due do adaptations– A. photosynthetic– B. parasitic
• 2. Evolution– A. from multicellular green algae found in water– B. multicellularity helped plants develop to do
three main things:• 1. abosorb nutrients• 2. prevent their bodies from drying out• 3. reproduce without water
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• 3. Absorbing Nutrients– A. take nutrients from water around them• 1. Land plants = roots• 2. Early plants = no roots, fungi helped get nutrients
from Earth’s rocky surface in a mutualistic relationship called micorrhizae
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• 4. Preventing Water Loss– A. First plants = life by water source, drying out
not an issue– B. Plants move to dryer habitat= cuticle or waxy
layer that covers non-woody above ground parts of plants and does not let oxygen or carbon dioxide pass through
– C. Gas exchange for photosynthesis= stomata- pores that permit plants to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
– D. Guard cells surround the stomata to controll amount of gas exchange
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• 5. Reproduction on Land– A. Early plants and algae= rely on water for sperm
to swim to fertilize egg– B. Pollen- allow sperm to be carried by wind or
animals to fertilize egg rather than by water, also keeps sperm from drying out by enclosing it
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II. VASCULAR TISSUE, SEEDS AND FLOWERS
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• A. Many features help plants success in adapting to land: roots, stems and leaves, and conducting tissues
• B. Advantages of Conducting Tissues– 1. First plants = small, transport of materials by
osmosis and diffusion– 2. Specialized tissues and cells now transport materials– 3. Vascular tissue- specialized cells that transport
water and other materials within a plant tht make up a vascular system
– 4. There are two types of plants: non-vascular which lack a vascular system and vascular which have a vascular system
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• C. Seed Structure– 1. structure that contains the embryo of the plant– 2. embryo- early stage in development of plants
and animals– 3. seed plants- vascular plants that produce seeds
and first appeared 380 million years ago
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• D. Advantages of Seeds– 1. protection- seed coat that protects the embryo
from drying out and from injury and disease– 2. nourishment- supply embryo with stored
nutrients as it starts growing– 3. plant dispersal- structures that help with wind,
water, or animal dispersion that prevents competition for light, nutrients, water, and living space between parents and offspring
– 4. delayed growth- seeds will not sprout unless conditions are favorable, thus increasing their chances of survival
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• E. Advantages of Flowers– 1. Flower- reproductive structure that produces
pollen and seeds– 2. enable cross pollinations from one flowers
pollen to another flowers egg, increasing genetic diversity
– 3. attract animals and use them for dispersal
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III. PLANT LIFE CYCLES
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• A. Haploid plants that make gametes alternate with diploid plants that make spores– 1. Gametophytes- make gametes– 2. Sporophytes- make spores
• B. Alternation of generations– 1. Gametophytes and sporophytes look very different– 2. Non-vascular plants have a dominant gametophyte
generation while vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation
– 3. The size of the gametophyte and sporophyte generation is also a difference between vascular and non-vascular plants
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• C. The Vascular Plant Sporophyte• The following features characterize the sporophytes
of most vascular plants– 1. Vascular System- made up of tubes of pipes that
transport water and nutrients in the plant• A. Phloem- soft-walled cells that transport organic nutrients • B. Xylem- hard – walled cells that transport water and minerals
– 2. Distinct Body Form• A. Shoot- th part of the plant’s body that grows upward• B. Root- the part of a the plant’s body that grows downward• C. Meristem- zones of actively dividing plant cells and produce
plant growth• D. Roots, Stems and Leaves- better adapted plants for life on
land
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Shoot System
Root SystemRoot Meristem
Shoot Meristem