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Plant Growth Environment
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Climate & plant growth
• Climate – average weather of an area– Air, Moisture, Temperature, Light
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Regional climate vs. microclimate
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Air
• Humidity
• Wind
• Air pollution
• Elevation (temperature)
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Air and elevation
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Moisture and plant growth
• Amount
• Distribution patterns
• Access (location)
• Bodies of water and climate
• Moisture stress– Deficiency, excess
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Temperature and plant growth• Cold hardiness determines range
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Temperature & plant growth
• Plant heat zones influence plant growth
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Growth responses to temperature
• Vernalization– Period of low temperature
induces flowering (e.g. “forcing” bulbs)
• Thermoperiodism– Sugar/starch content varies with
temperature (cooler temps promote starch conversion to sugars);
– some plants grow better if night temperatures are cooler than day temperatures
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Temperature and germination
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Temperature and germination
• Stratification– Period of cold required to induce
germination– Required by many types of perennials,
woody species– Specific temp. and length of stratification
varies by species
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Temperature stress
• Low temperature stress (p. 643, 645, 655)– Chilling– Freezing– Sunscald– Premature bolting– Cold water stress
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Preventing low temp. stress
• Timing of planting
• Zone rating of species
• Protective measures (p. 604-605)– Covers– Mounding mulch, soil– Hardening (cold frame)
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Heat stress (p. 643, 650)
• Sunscald– Plant relocation
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Light
• Intensity
• Quality
• Daylength
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Light Quality
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Photoperiodism
• Growth responses to daylength– Flowering, germination, dormancy
• Mediated by pigment molecule phytochrome
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Phytochrome and flowering
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Manipulation of photoperiod
• Poinsettia industry
• Chrysanthemums
• Why won’t my Christmas cactus bloom?
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• Photoperiodic houseplants
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Phytochrome and stem growth
•Etiolation occurs in low light or dark…why?
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Biotic environmental factors
• Insects
• Microorganisms
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Soil (p. 610-622)
• Mineral particles
• Organic matter
• Water
• Air
• Living organisms
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Soils
• Soil profile– horizons
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Soil – mineral particles
Sand, silt, clay
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Soil texture triangle
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Organic matter
• Humus<20% humus = mineral soil
>20% humus = organic soil
– Provides nutrients, aeration– Increases water holding capacity Leaf humus
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Living organisms in soil
• Microorganisms– Bacteria, fungi, algae,
protozoa, actinomycetes
• Insects– Earthworms, beetles,
nematodes, ants
• Weed seeds
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How are soil organisms important to plants?
• Aerate soil
• Become humus
• Influence soil pH
• Can make soil uninhabitable
• Can compete with cultivated plants (weeds)
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Plant nutrition
• 13 essential mineral nutrients– N,P,K,S,Ca,Mg,Fe,Cl,Mn,B,Zn,Cu,Mo
• 3 essential non-mineral nutrients– C,H,O
– What makes these nutrients essential?
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Nutrient deficiencies
iron
zinc potassium
magnesium
phosphorus
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Chlorophyll contains Mg
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Amino acids contain N
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DNA contains N, P
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Stomata function requires K
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Mineral nutrients exist as ions
• How do plants acquire mineral ions that are bound to clay particles?
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Roots produce hydrogen ions as byproducts of respiration
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
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Soil pH and mineral nutrition
Different types of plants have different soil pH requirements
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Cation exchange lowers soil pH
• Raising soil pH with lime* (mushroom compost contains lime)
Ca(OH)2 + 2H+ Ca2+ + 2H2O
*Never lime with manure! (ammonia produced)
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Fertilizers • Fertilizer analysis
– (N-P-K)– “Complete” fertilizers (trace elements/micronutrients)
• Analysis varies depending on growth objectives
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Fertilizer application
• Broadcast
• Ringing plants
• Banding
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Soil analysis
• County Ag. Extension office (link)
• Home test kits
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Soil cultivation
• Weed control• Soil sterilization
(pest/disease control)• Digging and forking (p.
613-614)– Aeration, soil crusting,
compaction
• Soil additives– Inorganic, organic
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Home composting
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Volume of additive required depends on NPK analysis