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Plant Cell Walls
Chapter 3
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Where is the cell wall of plant cells located?
A. Inside the plasma membraneB. Outside the plasma membraneC. Between the plasma membranes of two
adjacent cells
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The Eukaryotic Plant Cell
• cell wall• plasma
membrane• cytoplasm
• various organelles
• cytoplasmic streaming
• nucleus• vacuole
bound by tonoplast
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Cell Wall Functions
• constrains protoplast expansion• gives turgidity to plant
• determines size/shape of cell• cells classified largely
based upon cell wall traits• contain enzymes, absorb,
transport and secrete substances
• play important role in defense
• NOT JUST A CONTAINER BOUNDARY
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Primary Cell Walls
• outside of the plasma membrane
• deposited while cell grows• contain thin areas
• primary pit fields• plasmodesmata connect cell-
to-cell • (cytoplasmic connections)
• shared with adjacent cell• middle lamella
• joins primary cell walls of adjacent cells
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Plasmodesmata
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Chemistry of Primary Cell Walls
• cellulose• glucose monomers• bundled into microfibrils• wound and coiled into
macrofibrils• hemicelluloses
• polysaccharides that limit cell wall extensibility
• pectins• primary cell walls and middle
lamella• give wall pliability; act as
cement• glycoproteins• lignins• cutin• suberin• waxes
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Cell growth
determined by cellulose microfibril orientation
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Secondary Cell Walls
• formed inside the primary wall
• different staining qualities than primary cell wall
• very thick• not present in all cells• formed after cell growth• function in strength and
water transport• abundant cellulose and
hemicellulose• pectins and glycoproteins
absent - thus not elastic• lignins common - gives
hardness and rigidity
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Basswood stem (angiosperm stem)
dicot stem
Secondary Cell Wall Examples
• Vascular Tissue• xylem
• vessel elements• tracheids
(gymnosperms)• schlerenchyma fibers
• phloem• schlerenchyma fibers
• Ground Tissue• schlerenchyma fibers
monocot stem
Pine stem
dicot stem
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The primary cell wall of plant cells is located inside the plasma membrane.
TrueFalse
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The secondary cell wall is located inside the plasma membrane.
TrueFalse
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Plant body organization
• Plant body• Systems
• Shoot & root systems• Organs
• Vegetative: root, stem, leaf• Reproductive: flower, fruit
• Tissue Systems• Dermal, ground, vascular
• Tissues• Cells
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Meristem classification:
• apical • root tip & shoot tip• produce primary growth
• lateral• to the side of stems and
roots• produce secondary growth
• intercalary• between mature tissues• help regenerate parts that
are removed (grass leaves and herbivory)
• primary (formed first)• produce primary tissue
systems• three types
• protoderm• ground meristem• procambium
• secondary (formed after 1°)• produce secondary tissue
systems• two types
• vascular cambium• cork cambium
LOCATION FUNCTION
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1° Tissue Systems
• Dermal tissue system• covers and protects
plant surface• epidermis
• Ground tissue system• parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
• mesophyll of leaves• young green stems
(pith and cortex)• Vascular tissue
system• conducts water and
solutes (xylem)• conducts sugars
(phloem)
leaf
stem
root
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Plant body organization
Tissues with cell typesSimple
• Parenchyma• Chlorenchyma• Sclerenchyma• Collenchyma
Complex• Epidermis
• Ground cells• Guard cells
• Xylem• Vessel elements• parenchyma
• Phloem• Sieve tube elements• Companion cells• Sclerenchyma fiber
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parenchyma
collenchyma
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collenchyma
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sclerenchyma fibers
sclerenchyma fibers
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vessel elements
sclerenchyma fibers
tracheid
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Primary Meristems
• Forms primary tissue• Elongates root and
shoot• types
• protoderm• epidermis
• procambium• primary xylem and
phloem• ground meristem
• pith and cortex of stems and root, mesophyll of leaves
ground meristem
procambium
protoderm
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Secondary Meristems
• Forms secondary tissue• Growth in lateral
direction• leads to increase in girth or
circumference• wood in trees
• 2 types• vascular cambium
• secondary xylem • secondary phloem
• cork cambium• periderm
2 xylem
2 phloem
vascular cambium
periderm
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