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Planning for Better
Transportation Outcomes:
Lessons Learned from
Vancouver and Chicago
Michael J. Shiffer, Ph.D.
Vice President
Planning, Strategy & Technology
TransLink
November 22, 2010
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Foundations
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Chicago
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Academic
Background
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How can we leverage
technology to better inform
discussions about the future of
our communities?
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As described in:Shiffer, M.J. (1995) "Interactive Multimedia Planning Support: Moving from Stand-Alone Systems to
the World Wide Web,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, volume 22, pp. 649-664.
Monumental Core multimedia visualization for National Planning Commission (c.1992)
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Automobile Level of Service Web-Based Multimedia Visualization Tool for US Federal Highway
Administration(c.1996)
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Urban mass transit web-based multimedia visualization tool for US Federal Transit Administration and USDOT Bureau of
Transportation Statistics (c. 1996)
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The Chicago
Experience
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Mass Transportation in Chicago
CTA80%
Metra14%
Pace6%
Transit Ridership Share
CTA- Buses & Rapid Transit for Chicago & 40 Suburbs
Metra- Commuter Rail
Pace- Suburban Buses
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Chicago Transit Funding
• Transit Fare Products
• Sponsorship
• Advertising Opportunities
• Property Transfer Tax
• Sales Tax
• Senior Government Grants
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RTA Funding Allocations…
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Chicago Transit Funding
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Chicago Transit Authority Challenges
• Changing Customer Habits
• Shifting Land Use
• Manage Capacity
• Aging Infrastructure
•Funding
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• Create a systematic process
• Develop information infrastructure
• Develop human capital
• Support discourse by leveraging technology
Approach
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Spatial Data Strategy
Develop a spatial data infrastructure…
Where people live
Where they work
What their travel patterns are
Facilities needed to serve them
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Information Infrastructure
• Census Data
• Housing Data
• Land Use Data
• Aerial Orthophotos
• Route Infrastructure
• Schedule Information
• Spatially Intelligent Vehicles
• Performance
• Ridership Data
• Specialized Models
• Field Data
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Rail Ridership Information
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Bus Navigation System
TCH – Operator Logon
Odometer Signal
GPS (Global
Positioning
Satellite) Signal
Distribution Data:
Route data
Heading Signal
(Gyroscope)
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M F F F F F F F F F F F F F
F C F F F
Percent of bus intervals 60-seconds
or less by date and half-hour for
weekdays from July to Sept in 2006.
03-J
ul-0
60
5-J
ul-0
60
6-J
ul-0
60
7-J
ul-0
61
0-J
ul-0
61
1-J
ul-0
61
2-J
ul-0
61
3-J
ul-0
61
4-J
ul-0
61
7-J
ul-0
61
8-J
ul-0
61
9-J
ul-0
62
0-J
ul-0
62
1-J
ul-0
62
4-J
ul-0
62
5-J
ul-0
62
6-J
ul-0
62
7-J
ul-0
62
8-J
ul-0
63
1-J
ul-0
60
1-A
ug-0
60
2-A
ug-0
60
3-A
ug-0
60
4-A
ug-0
60
7-A
ug-0
60
8-A
ug-0
60
9-A
ug-0
61
0-A
ug-0
61
1-A
ug-0
61
4-A
ug-0
61
5-A
ug-0
61
6-A
ug-0
61
7-A
ug-0
61
8-A
ug-0
62
1-A
ug-0
62
2-A
ug-0
62
3-A
ug-0
62
4-A
ug-0
62
5-A
ug-0
62
8-A
ug-0
62
9-A
ug-0
63
0-A
ug-0
63
1-A
ug-0
60
1-S
ep-0
60
5-S
ep-0
60
6-S
ep-0
60
7-S
ep-0
60
8-S
ep-0
61
1-S
ep-0
61
2-S
ep-0
61
3-S
ep-0
61
4-S
ep-0
61
5-S
ep-0
61
8-S
ep-0
61
9-S
ep-0
62
0-S
ep-0
62
1-S
ep-0
62
2-S
ep-0
62
5-S
ep-0
62
6-S
ep-0
62
7-S
ep-0
62
8-S
ep-0
62
9-S
ep-0
60
2-O
ct-
06
03-O
ct-
06
04-O
ct-
06
05-O
ct-
06
06-O
ct-
06
09-O
ct-
06
10-O
ct-
06
11-O
ct-
06
12-O
ct-
06
13-O
ct-
06
16-O
ct-
06
17-O
ct-
06
18-O
ct-
06
19-O
ct-
06
20-O
ct-
06
23-O
ct-
06
24-O
ct-
06
25-O
ct-
06
26-O
ct-
06
27-O
ct-
06
30-O
ct-
06
31-O
ct-
06
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0.0%-2.0% 2.0%-4.0% 4.0%-6.0% 6.0%-8.0% 8.0%-10.0%
CTA Bus Bunching Measures (circa 2006)
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Automatic Passenger Counter (APC) Bus Ridership Tracking
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Ridership/Revenue Fare Model
• Elasticity of
Demand Model
• Combines Stated
and Revealed
Preference
• Allows many
pricing scenarios
to be explored
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Outreach Through Surveys
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Outreach through Workshops
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Service Planning Success
Changes to the South Lakeshore and North
Lakeshore were implemented in Fall 2003.
Annual ridership has increased by 4.6 percent
for the South Lakeshore sub-region, and 5.5
percent for the North Lakeshore sub-region.
Travel times have decreased and customer
satisfaction has improved.
LoopLoop
LoopLoop
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Reconstruction of Infrastructure
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Moving Forward
in Metro
Vancouver
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The
Context
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TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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Over 1 million more people by 2040
TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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730,000 460,000
250,000 195,000
240,000 95,000360,000 135,000
420,000 245,000
835,000 350,000
230,000 125,000
160,000 50,000
18%
37%
28%
74%
78%
56%
56%
53%
11%
49%
19% 78%
48%
69%
89%
79%
Note: these projections are currently being reviewed as part of Metro
Vancouver’s regional growth strategy review process.
Source: Metro Vancouver
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Traditional suburb to Downtown Travel
(latter half of 20th Century) Modern region to region Travel (21st Century)
Regional Travel patterns
TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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Journey-to-Work, 2006 Census
TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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Total approx. $1,146 Million
2010 BUDGETED REVENUE
Transit Fares $413m (36%)
Fuel Tax $319m (28%)
Property & Replacement Tax
$289m (25%)
Parking Sales Tax $47m (4%)Other
$49m (4%)GEB Tolls$29m (3%)
TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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2010 BUDGETED EXPENDITURE
Bus $625m (51%)
Rail $218m (18%)
Police $28m (2%)
Debt Service $251m (20%)
Total Roads & Bridges $48m (4%)TransLink
$45m (4%)
Contingency $10m (1%)
Total Transit Operations
(Bus, Rail)
$843m (69%)
Financial challengeTransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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Recent
Accomplishments
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TransLink – Delivering a better
transportation network
From 2000 to 2010
More transit service, more routes, bigger more modern fleet
- 75% more hours of service – to 7.1 million hours per year
- 700 more buses, 150 SkyTrain cars - 29 stations,
a new SeaBus and 16 more West Coast Express cars
- 90 million more transit riders per year - most on the system
‘by choice’
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TransLink – Delivering a better
transportation network
From 2000 to 2010
An expanded major arterial road network including:
- Golden Ears Bridge
- Dollarton Highway Bridges in North Vancouver
- David Avenue Connector in Coquitlam
- Coast Meridian Overpass in Port Coquitlam
- 204th Street Overpass in Langley
Plus over $800 million in road improvement projects
Using emerging
technologies to Leverage
our resources
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= 5 million transit trips
2009 188 million transit trips
1998 124 million transit trips
Metro Vancouver Annual Transit
Ridership
• Ridership increased 52% between 1998 and 2009
• Population increased by 15%
TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
An
nu
al
Tra
nsit
Serv
ice H
ou
rs p
er
Cap
ita
An
nu
al
Tra
nsit
Tri
ps P
er
Cap
ita
Annual Transit Trips per Capita & Transit Service Hours per Capita(2002 to 2010)
Annual Transit Trips/Capita
Transit Service Hours/Capita
TransLink and the Metro Vancouver Region
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The Olympic Experience
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Leveraging
Resources
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• Buses serve as important data
collection devices
Steps Taken to Leverage Existing Resources
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APC equipped buses record passenger activity by stop,
trip, time period, etc
Steps Taken to Leverage Existing Resources
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Planning
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Planning Framework
30Year PlanLong Range Strategy
Medium Range Plan
Major Supplement
Annual Base Plan3 Year Funded
Component
7 Year Outlook
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TransLink’s Long Range Plan
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Future vision of Transport 2040
GOAL 1 - Greenhouse gas emissions aggressively reduced.
GOAL 2 - Most trips are by transit, walking and cycling
GOAL 3 - Most jobs and housing located along frequent transit network
GOAL 4 - Traveling is safe, secure, and accessible for everyone
GOAL 5 - Economic growth and efficient goods movement are facilitated
GOAL 6 - Funding is stable, sufficient and influences choices.
Financial challengeBuilding the Asia-Pacific GatewayTransLink’s Long Range Plan
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1 Million
Cars
Congestion
Funding
GHG
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Planning
Approaches
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The Land Use & Transportation Connection
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The Land Use & Transportation Connection
Frequent Transit Network (FTN)
• At least every 15 min throughout the day; 7 days/week
• Framework for a conversation around transit and land use coordination
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The Land Use & Transportation Connection
Transit Service Type
Examples
FTN Limited Stopw/exclusive ROW
Fixed Guideway Rapid Transit LinesNodal Development800M (half mile) Catchment
FTN Limited StopLimited Stop Bus LinesNodal Development600M (3 block) Catchment
FTN Local StopTrunk Line Frequent Bus RoutesLinear Development400M (2 block) Catchment
Local StopLocal Bus RoutesNo Specific Development400M (2 block) Catchment
Frequent Transit Network
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Area Transit Plans
Area Transit Plans:
• Created with the formation of TransLink
• Provide more local involvement in transit planning
• Recognize regional differences and informs regional plans
• Create a vision for the futureTRAVEL PATTERNS
DEMOGRAPHICS AND DEVELOPMENT
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More strategic approach to land use and transportation
1) Supply-side (transit provision)
• Frequent Transit Network (FTN)
2) Demand-side (land use shaping)
• Partnerships w/ municipalities on transit-oriented land use planning and development
Land Use & Transportation Connection
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Transit-Oriented Communities in Metro Vancouver
Transit-Oriented Communities:
• are places that facilitate a decreased reliance on driving by focusing:
• higher-density development,
• diversity of uses, and
• pedestrian-friendly design,
• within walking-distance of frequent transit
• are really pedestrian-oriented communities connected by transit!
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What are the Benefits?
• More cost-effective transit service
• Higher quality transit service
• Improved public realm & livability
79
Transit-Oriented Communities in Metro Vancouver
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Land Use & Transportation Connection
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1
24
6
3
5
7
Passenger Facility and Community Design Guidelines
Land Use & Transportation Connection
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Rapid Transit
Studies
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The Land Use & Transportation Connection
Rapid Transit Studies
Need careful analysis:
• Long lead times
• Capital intensive
Conversation about regional priorities:
• Advancement criteria to consider transit-supportive land-use potential
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Enhancing Core Carrying Capacity: The Expo Line Upgrade Study
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Serving Existing Need:The UBC Line Study
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Defining ProblemsExisting transit services in the Corridor do not provide sufficient capacity or a reliable service
• Frequent pass-ups• Unpredictable journey times• Passenger experience
Rapid Transit Studies
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A Growing Corridor
Central Broadway: 58,000 jobs 35,000 residents
UBC : 6,500 residents 19,000 jobs 60,000 daytime population
(students, faculty, staff)
30% growth
of population
and jobs
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UBC Line Rapid Transit StudyShape Land Use:The Surrey Rapid Transit Study
84% of trips by car between seven urban centres
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Support significant growth in Surrey
Metro Centre and other urban centres
. . .
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UBC Line Rapid Transit StudyEnhance Economic Competitiveness
Stimulate economic development and
job access
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UBC Line Rapid Transit StudyShape Future Land Use
Future
Today
. . . by encouraging transit-oriented
development
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UBC Line Rapid Transit StudyDiverse range of urban transport
technologies
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Multiple Account EvaluationEconomic development
Deliverability
Environmental
Financial
Social community
Transportation
Urban development
Multiple Account Evaluation
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Bus Rapid
Transit
Light Rail
Transit
Rail Rapid
Transit
Regional/
Commuter
Rail
In-street
reserved lane
Physically
reserved in-
street
Private at-
grade right-
of-way
Elevated
Under-
ground
Possible
Challenging
Unlikely
Bus Rapid
Transit
Light Rail
TransitRail Rapid
Transit
Regional
Rail
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The Land Use & Transportation Connection
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The Land Use & Transportation Connection
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Rapid Transit Studies Program
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2011
Supplemental
Plan
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TransLink Priorities
UpgradesState of
Good Repair
Maintaining
ServicesExpansion
Funding Stabilization Plan Additional Funding Required
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Evaluation Framework & Process
• TransLink’s plan evaluation process
– Outcomes-driven, performance-based plan development
– Will continue to apply to future supplements
– Responds to input of Commissioner and stakeholders
• The evaluation of candidate projects includes two parts:
– Effectiveness towards Transport 2040 Goals (i.e. reduced
GHGs, mode share, complete communities, optimization,
economic growth and goods movement, financially sustainable)
– Priorities specific to a particular plan (i.e. significant lost
opportunity if not activated in 2010 and that Leverage significant
other funding)
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Evaluation Criteria
Goal Objective
GHGs Aggressively Reduced Reduces Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT)
Improves system operations and efficiency
Greater use of low emission fleet technology
Greater use of low carbon content fuel
Non SOV Mode Share Protects existing transit ridership
Promotes shifts to transit, cycling and walking
Encourages future shifts to transit, cycling and walking
Influences smart transportation choices
Complete Communities Encourages complete and transit-oriented communities
Expands access to regional transit and cycling networks
Promotes regional mobility
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Goal Objective
System Optimization Encourages modal integration
Improves the resilience of the transportation system
Improves system safety
Promotes universal accessibility
Economic Growth & Goods Movement Supports efficient access to regional centres and economic
gateways
Reduces congestion
Improves travel time reliability
Financially Sustainable Maximizes leveraging opportunities
Make efficient use of existing infrastructure
Prioritizes cost-effectiveness
Prioritizes long-term growth in cost-effectiveness
Evaluation Criteria
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Goal Objective
Significant Lost Opportunity if Not
Activated in 2010Leaves money on the table
Dependence with other programs
Significantly more expensive to do later
Results in loss of passengers from the system
Leverages Significant Other Funding Extent of capital contribution
Impacts on operating costs
Impacts on fare revenue
Makes Best Use of Existing Fleet &
InfrastructureImproves efficiency of existing assets
Improves effectiveness in utilizing assets
Intensity of Previous Commitment Nature of TransLink's commitment
Importance of commitment to stakeholders
Evaluation Criteria
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USER FEES STATUS
Transit Fares Increased in 2010
Transit Advertising Opportunities currently maximized.
New Facility Tolls -AT LEGISLATED MAX
Vehicle Registration Fee Not Implemented
TAXATION STATUS
Fuel Tax increased in 2010 to $.15/L -AT LEGISLATED MAX
Parking Sales Tax Increased in 2010 to 21% -AT LEGISLATED MAX
Property Taxes Increase by 3% per year
Hydro Levy Remains at $1.90/month/account -AT LEGISLATED MAX
Replacement Tax Remains at $18M/yr -AT LEGISLATED MAX
Benefitting Area Tax Not implemented
TransLink Funding Sourcesunder SCBCTA Act
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Two Supplements
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Two Supplements
• Evergreen Line
• NFPR Phase I
• Bus Service Hours
• Station Upgrades
• MRN Minor Road Capital
• Cycling Capital Program
• Evergreen Line
• NFPR Phase I
• 67% funding from senior
government and new ridership
• Defers regional funding to 2012
to identify new funding source
• If property tax, impact on avg
household:~$62/yr or $8.90/100K
• 68% funding from senior
government
• Defers regional funding to 2012
to identify new funding source
• If property tax, impact on avg
household:~$36/yr or $5.25/100K
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Plan Benefits: Partner Funding
• Leverages significant
funding from senior
governments
• $2.4 Billion in needed
transit, road, and
cycling capital and
operating over the
next 10 years
Sr Gov't Funding
53%Regional Source
32%
Fare Revenue
15%
Revenue Distribution of Plan Funding (2011-2020 Expenditures)
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Benefits of Moving Forward
• Retains federal funding
• Makes progress towards Transport 2040 Goals
• Accessibility and capacity improvements at stations
• Serves existing and new demand
• New service for growing areas of the region
• Provides funding to municipal road and bike programs
that depend on TransLink for funding
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Next Steps
• Regional Transportation Commissioner will review and
provide comment
• Moving Forward on these investments requires Mayors’
Council approval
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Next Steps
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Key Long-range Planning Initiatives Moving forward
Transport 2045
Goals, objectives,
targets, policies
Sustainable
Funding Strategy
Investment
Strategy
Transp’n Demand
Management
Strategy
Goods Movement
Strategy
Transit-Oriented
Community
Strategy
•Parking management
•Transportation pricing
•Financial tools
•Legislations and regulations
•Travelsmart
•Other supportive programs
•Performance-basis
•Asset management /renewal
•Multi-modal master plans
• Transit (rapid and bus) and
road network plan
•Rapid transit prioritization
•FTN development
•Cycling and walking
•MRN
•User fees, e.g.
•Vehicle registration fees
•Tolls and road pricing
•Transit fares
•Parking charges
•General taxation, e.g.
•Property taxes
•Land value capture
•Others
•TransLink’s role and
priorities
•Overall policy framework
•Basis for future actions
•Management strategy
•Transport investments
•Land use goals, principles
and standards
•Mechanism /system for
input to OCPs, major
developments and municipal
planning processes
•Joint development policy
•FTN policy
•Station area planning policy
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1. Land on a vision and stick to it.
2. Integrated transport planning works better than intermodal competition when enhancing mobility (roads v. transit).
3. Conversations on expansion are well supported if you can demonstrate efficiency and effectiveness.
4. Transport can be used as an effective incentive for supportive Land Use and vice-versa. Linking the two is important.
5. Evidence-based planning provides a critical foundation for political discussions.
6. Never underestimate the value of a political champion.
Concluding Thoughts