Download - PIGEON DISSECTION
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PIGEON DISSECTION
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WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY?
EVERYTHING!
EVERY body system in a bird is modified in some way to help it fly!
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Image from: http://www2.thny.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx.htm
ARCHAEOPTERYX First bird Fossil image from:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html
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PIGEON LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AVES Plural of “avis”= bird
COLUMBIFORMES
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FEATHERS
Image modified from:http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
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FEATHERS
Image from:http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
rachis
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PREEN GLANDImage from:http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html
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EXTERNAL FEATURES
Feathers
Beaks
Feet
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BEAKS
Image from:http://www.antbits.co.uk/ant_pages/bio-pages/bio-02.html
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MODIFICATIONS ofINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• THIN skin – light weight• Feathers provide lift & protect against heat loss• Preen gland keeps feathers in shape• Streamline body to decrease air/wind
resistance
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NICTITATING MEMBRANE
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE inside head
SCALY SKIN on feetCLAWS
EXTERNAL NARES
CERE
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EYESBIG for size of head See in COLOR
Eyes on front of face- gives depth perception Seen in predators
Eyes on sides of head-Gives wide range of vision Seen in prey
Kestral Image from:http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html
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BROOD PATCH
Image from:http://www.ventanaws.org/images/bsol/SongSparrow.jpg
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CLOACA & VENT
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SKELETALHollow bones = light weight
Image from: BIODIDAC
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Image modified from:http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
FURCULAPYGOSTYLESTERNUM
FUSED BONES = Sturdy
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MODIFICATIONS ofSKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones = hollow/Air sacs extend into bones to make them less dense = fused to make them sturdy
FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight
STERNUM- attaches flight muscles
PYGOSTYLE- support for tail
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PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS make up 35% of total body weight
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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MODIFICATIONS ofMUSCULAR SYSTEM
HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
powers wings
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CROP
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CROP
Stores & moistens food
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HEART
Heart = 1 ½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal
THYROID
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1 loop 2 loops 2 loops2 chambers 3 chambers 4 chambersFish amphibians birds &
& reptiles mammals
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4 CHAMBER HEART2 LOOPS
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Sinus venosus
RIGHTAtrium
Ventricle Conus arteriosus
Lungs
Bodyorgans
LEFTAtrium
FROG & TURTLE CIRCULATION
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BIRD CIRCULATION
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MODIFICATIONS ofCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart large for body size
Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster
Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps Low/High oxygen blood totally separated
Rapid heart rate- delivers more oxygen/faster
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MODIFICATIONS ofENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISM-
provides maximum energy for extended activity (flying)
BURNING more GLUCOSE faster… is where the heat comes from!
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GIZZARD
PANCREAS
LIVER withGALL BLADDER inside
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GIZZARDMuscular
Contains gravel/rocks
to grind food
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SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum)
LARGE INTESTINE
isn’t very large!
EXITS through CLOACA
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COLIC CAECAPouches on
LARGE intestine
Contain bacteria to digest plants
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MODIFICATIONS ofDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic metabolism for more energy for extended activity
• CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through• 2 part stomach- so food moves through faster• COLIC CAECA- help break down plants• LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients• SHORT LARGE INTESTINE-
don’t waste time absorbing water or storing waste… out of body as it is made.
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TRACHEA BRONCHI
SYRINX
• Cartilage rings
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LUNGS
Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%
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AIR SACSSTORE AIR No gas exchange
ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the
INHALE and on the EXHALE
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OXYGEN on the EXHALE
Animation from: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds
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MODIFICATIONS ofRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM gets the most oxygen possible
• Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on both the INHALE AND EXHALE
• Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton less dense
• Alveoli increase surface area for more gas
exchange
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KIDNEYS & URETERS
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MODIFICATIONS ofEXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so needs less water
No URINARY BLADDER- so urine (water) not stored… less weight
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TESTES
TESTES
KIDNEYS
URETERS
CLOACA
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OVARY / OVIDUCTS
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TUBES IS TUBES?OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary
to cloaca
VAS DEFERENS- carry sperm from testes to cloaca
URETERS- carry urine from kidneys to cloaca
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MODIFICATIONS ofREPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM• Female has only ONE OVARY &
OVIDUCT on left side … less weight
• OVIPARITY- lay eggs outside of body … less weight
• Ovary enlarges during breeding season/shrinks rest of time… less weight
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MODIFICATIONS ofNERVOUS SYSTEM
• Large brain for body size = “smarter”• Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors
problem solving; learning; navigation;
• Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination• Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color• Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass