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Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Physical Development and the Senses
• Physical development and maturation complete
• Peak of physical capabilities• Brain wave patterns show more mature
patterns• Senses are peak • Most professional athletes at peak during
early adulthood
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Physical Fitness
• Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet
• No more than 10% Americans exercise enough to keep themselves in good physical shape
• Less than 20% participate in moderate exercise on regular basis
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Benefits of Exercise
• Cardiovascular fitness increase• Lung capacity increases, raising endurance• Stronger muscles and greater flexibility• Greater range of movement• More elasticity in muscles, tendons, and ligaments• Reduction in osteoporosis• Optimization of immune response • Decreased stress level • Increased sense of control over their bodies and
feeling of accomplishment
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One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity
Greater fitness level = lower the death rate
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Health
• Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25-34) are:
– Accidents – AIDS – Cancer – Heart disease – Suicide– Murder
• Gender and SES differences444
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Secondary Aging
• Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or engaging in unprotected sex, can hasten secondary aging
• This can also increase a young adult’s risk of dying
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Violence and Death: Tracking Murder
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Age and Obesity
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Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood
• STRESS: Response to events that threaten or challenge an individual
• Pleasant events and unpleasant events
• Long-term, continuous exposure may result in a reduction of body's ability to deal with stress
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Lazarus and Folkman
• People move through series of stages that determine whether or not they will experience stress
– PRIMARY APPRAISAL – SECONDARY APPRAISAL
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Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991)
• Negative emotions are more likely to produce stress
• Uncontrollable or unpredictable situations are more likely to produce stress
• Ambiguous and confusing situations produce more stress
• Simultaneously tasks demands are more likely to experience stress
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Consequences of Stress
• PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
• SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
• COPING
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Styles of Coping
• Problem-focused coping• Emotion-focused coping • Social support coping • Defense coping involves
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Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping
• Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress-related illness
• Resilience is ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive following profound adversity
• Optimistic vs. pessimistic explanatory style453
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The Informed Consumer of Development
Coping with Stress: General Guidelines• Seek control over the situation producing the
stress• Redefine “threat” as “challenge” • Find social support• Use relaxation techniques
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
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Postformal Thought
• Giesela Labouvie-Vief• Adult predicaments are sometimes solved
by relativistic thinking rather than pure logic• Postformal thought acknowledges that world
sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems
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K. Warner Schaie• ACQUISITIVE STAGE
• ACHIEVING STAGE
• RESPONSIBLE STAGE
• EXECUTIVE STAGE
• REINTEGRATIVE STAGE
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A Closer Look: Sternberg
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Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood
• CREATIVITY
• Early adulthood– Peak of creativity– Many of professional
problems are novel
– Willing to take risks
– Fluid vs. Crystallized intelligence
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Life Events and Cognitive Development
• Major life events may lead to cognitive growth
– Think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways
– Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief)
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COLLEGE: PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION
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Higher Education
College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not
just of particular bodies of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world.
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College: Pursuing Higher Education
• Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college
• Only about 40% of those who start graduate from college in 4 years
• Influenced by race and gender variables
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Who goes to college?• 40% of college students today are 25 years of
age or older• Average age of a community college student is
31• College degree is becoming increasingly
important in obtaining and keeping job• Absolute number of minority students enrolled
in college has increased BUT overall proportion of minority population has decreased over past decade
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College Student Attendance Trends
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ConsequencesProportion of students who enter college but ultimately
never graduate is substantial!
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Why is there a gender gap in college attendance?
Will it continue?
• Men have more opportunities to earn money when they graduate
• More women enrolled in college
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The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? • According to Sherry Willis, adults return
to college for several reasons:– To understand their own aging– To keep up with rapid technological and
cultural advances– To combat obsolescence on the job– To acquire new vocational skills – To broaden their intellectual skills
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College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life
• First year adjustment reaction– Particularly affects unusually successful
students in high school – Passes for most as friends made and
integration into college life occurs– Serious psychological consequences for few
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The Informed Consumer of Development
When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their Problems?
• Psychological distress that lingers and interferes with a person’s sense of well-being and ability to function
• Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively with the stress
• Hopeless or depressed feelings• Inability to build close relationships with others• Physical symptoms
– 1st Floor of the College Center, near the Enrollment Services Office (RVCC)
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Depression in College Students
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Why peoplevisit a college counseling center
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Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School
African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits.
Women lack ability in math and science.
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• Women and African Americans perform less well in college
• Academic disidentification
Steele Research
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The Great Gender Divide
During 1st year of college, men are more likely to view themselves as above average in several
academic areas.470
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Dropping Out of College
Half of all students drop out of college
• Marriage, children, or death of family member
• Academic difficulties • Financial difficulties• Time off to mature
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