PHYS313 - Astrophysics
End stages of stars
White Dwarfs, Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes
Additional Resources • Dan Maoz: “Astrophyics in a Nutshell” • http://ww2.odu.edu/~skuhn/PHYS313/Home313.html • http://nicadd.niu.edu/~bterzic/PHYS652/index.htm
Giant Stars • Reminder: Last stage
of stars after completing Main Sequence existence – Core collapses – Outer envelope
increases enormously • Sun-like stars:
Subgiants => Giants • Much more massive
stars: Supergiants
Final Stages of Giants (≈M¤) • Final C core collapse • Shock wave • Outer layers ejected • “Planetary” Nebulae
White Dwarfs
• Reminder: Last stages of sun and similar-sized stars Last stage: Helium burning stops, core collapses and significant fraction of mass gets ejected as planetary nebula
• What happens with the core after the final collapse? => White Dwarf! (Example: Sirius B) – Core contracts until “Fermi pressure” of electrons balances
gravitational attraction – Final size typically <1% of present solar radius => Density 106
times larger than that of the sun! Temperature 107 K at center
Example: Sirius B • Visual companion of Sirius A, 50 yr orbit
– M = Msun – T = 27,000 K, Lumi = 3% of sun => R = 0.008 Rsun = 5500 km – => density = 2.106 x density(sun) = 3.109 kg/m3; 1057 nucleons
2.1036 nucleons/m3 , 1036 e-/m3; Atoms <1/20 of radius apart
• Pressure at center: – Ideal Gas: P = nRT/V ≈ 1.4.1013 N/m2 . T/K => several orders
of magnitude missing. Solution? => Degenerate Fermi-Gas €
dP = −GMr 2 ρ dr ≈ − G
r 24πr3
3ρ2dr = −
4πGρ2
3r dr⇒
P(R) − P(0) = −4πGρ2
3r dr
0
R
∫ = −4πGρ2
3R2
2⇒ P(0) ≈ 2πGρ2R2
3≈ 3.9 ⋅1022 N/m2
Fermi-Dirac Distribution
Non-Relativistic Degeneracy
White Dwarf Structure • Center (most of volume):
– High density, degenerate Fermi gas – Uniform temperature (high heat conductance)
• initially 109 K (from collapse), quickly cools to a few 106 - 107 K
– mostly C, O
• Shell (thin layer, 1% in R): – hydrogen, helium – insulates star, much lower T ->
much reduced radiation (∝Tcore7/2)
– further slowdown due to crystallization – Oldest white dwarfs have cooled to about 3500K
-> can estimate age of galaxy to 1010 yr
Interlude: Fermi Gas • Pauli exclusion principle: No two fermions (spin 1/2 particles) can be
in the same quantum state • Heisenberg uncertainty principle: Δp.Δx ≈ ! => two states are
indistinguishable if they occupy the same “cell” dV.d3p = h3 in “phase space” (except for factor 2 because of spin degree of freedom) => for volume V and “momentum volume” d3p = 4πp2dp we find for the Number of states between p…p+dp:
• Sirius B: pf = 670 keV/c for electrons (semi-relativistic - me = 511 keV/c2!)
– total kinetic energy:
dN = 2 Vh3 4π p2dp = V
π 2!3 p2dp ⇒ Ntot =
Vπ 2!3
pf3
3⇒ pf = ! 3π 2( )
1/3n1/3; n = Ntot
V; Ntot =
Mstar
1 gNA
2
Ekintot = E(p) V
π 2!3 p2 dp
0
pf
∫ =
p2
2mVπ 2!3 p
2 dp0
pf
∫ =1
2mVπ 2!3
pf5
5=
35Ntot
pf2
2m=
3!2
10mNtot 3π 2( )
2/3 Ntot
V"
#$
%
&'
2/3
=3!2 9π
4"
#$
%
&'
2/3
10mNtot
5/3
R2 ;non-rel.
pc Vπ 2!3 p
2 dp0
pf
∫ =Vcπ 2!3
pf4
4=
34Ntotcpf =
34!cNtot 3π 2( )
1/3 Ntot
V"
#$
%
&'
1/3
=3!c 9π
4"
#$
%
&'
1/3
4Ntot
4/3
R; ultra-relativistic
(
)
****
+
****
White Dwarf Stability • Pressure:
• Compare:
€
P = −dEtotdV
=−
3!2
10mNtot
5/3 3π 2( )2 /3 ddV
V −2 /3 =2!2
10mNtot
5/3 3π 2( )2 /3V −5/3 =
3π 2( )2 /3!2
5mn5/3 ;non - rel.
−3!c4Ntot
4 /3 3π 2( )1/3 ddV
V −1/3 =!c4Ntot
4 /3 3π 2( )1/3V −4 /3 =
3π 2( )1/3!c
4n4 /3 ; ultra - rel.
$
%
& &
'
& &
€
P(0) ≈ 2πGρ2R2
3=
3π 2( )2 /3!25me
ρ2mN
%
& '
(
) *
5/3
;non - rel.
3π 2( )1/3!c4
ρ2mN
%
& '
(
) *
4 /3
;ultra - rel.
+
,
- -
.
- -
/
0
- -
1
- -
⇒ R2 =
3 3π 2( )2 /3!25me2πG 2mN( )5/3
ρ−1/3 ∝R
M 1/3 ⇒ R3 ∝ 1M
3 3π 2( )1/3!c8πG 2mN( )4 /3
ρ−2 /3 ∝R2
M 2 /3 ⇒ Mmax !
+
,
- - -
.
- - -
White Dwarf Stability
• If R decreases, gravitational energy more negative:
• …while kinetic energy goes up:
• Compare: Equilibrium if sum of derivatives = 0
dEkintot
d −R( )= −
ddR
3!2
10m9π4
"
#$
%
&'2/3 Ntot
5/3
R2"
#$$
%
&''=3!2
5m9π4
"
#$
%
&'2/3 Ntot
5/3
R3;non-rel.
dV gravpot
d −R( )= −
ddR
−3GM 2
5R"
#$
%
&'= −
3GM 2
5R2
−3GM 2
5R2+3!2
5m9π4
"
#$
%
&'2/3 Ntot
5/3
R3= 0⇒ R = !
2Ntot5/3
meGM29π4
"
#$
%
&'2/3
∝M 5/3
M 6/3
=> Chandrasekhar Limit • For less massive, larger white dwarfs:
– R ≈ 5600 km (M/Msun)-1/3 => V ∝ 1/M; ρ ∝ M2 – pf = 670 keV/c x (n/nSiriusB)1/3 = 670 keV/c x (M/Msun)2/3
• as mass increases, gas becomes more and more relativistic and radius becomes even smaller => runaway collapse (R ∝ M-∞)
• Mass limit Mch = 1.4 Msun
• Above that mass (for a stellar remnant after blowing off outer hull) electron Fermi gas pressure not sufficient for stability -> neutron Fermi gas (see later)