Download - Photosynthesis Ch. 8
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Photosynthesis – Ch. 8
Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration
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Checking Prior Knowledge
Molecules
- atoms chemically bonded to one
another (ionic or covalent)
Ways Organisms Obtain Energy
- autotrophs – “self feeders”
- heterotrophs – “other feeders”
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Energy and Living Organisms
Energy cannot be recycled, or used
again – it simply changes form
Energy flows through an ecosystem
from the sun to producers and then
to consumers
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Two Main Reactions Supply Energy
Photosynthesis
autotrophs convert the energy of sunlight
into the energy in chemical bonds of
sugar
Cellular Respiration
autotrophs and heterotrophs convert the
stored chemical energy of sugar/food
molecules to more readily available
chemical energy
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Natures Rechargeable Batteries
Just like battery operated machines,
living organisms use molecules that
act like rechargeable batteries to
store energy
Compounds that store energy:
ATP, NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
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ATP – Primary Rechargeable
Cells need a constant supply of energy
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Production of ATP
ATP is produced by phosphorylating an ADP molecule
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Production of ATPThe energy in ATP drives three main types of cellular work.
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Cellular Respiration
Converting Chemical Energy
into Energy for Cellular Activity
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How do organisms capture and use energy?
This chapter (9)
focuses on how all organisms convert food energy into ATP – the energy cells use
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Energy
cannot be recycled – it simply
changes form.
flows one way through an
ecosystem - from the sun to
producers and then to consumers.
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Equal but
Opposite
Net Reactions
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
the net chemical reaction is oppositeBUT
the steps and organelles are not
AEROBIC CELL RESPIRATION
ochondriain the Mitenergy chem.O6H6CO6OOHC 2226126
oroplastin the Chl
2612622 6OOHCenergylight O6H6CO
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Getting Energy from Food
Both autotrophs and
heterotrophs need to
convert organic
compounds into
usable forms of
chemical energy
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Food and Energy
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Turning Glucose into Energy
Complex Carbohydrates (polymers = starch, glycogen)
converted into glucose monomers through digestion
Glucose transported to cells and broken down to release the energy stored in the chemical bonds
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Cellular Respiration
The process of converting glucose into
usable cellular energy
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2 Pathways for ATP Production
Without Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
Ancient form
Location: Cytoplasm only
With OxygenAerobic Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Modern form
Location: Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
Whether or not there is oxygen,
BOTH forms of respiration begin
with
GLYCOLYSIS
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ATP Pathways
Stage 1 - Glycolysis
O2 No O2
Fermentation(Anaerobic Respiration)
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Stage 2 – Krebs Cycles
Stage 3 – Electron Transport Chain
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2 Types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic
Anaerobic ATP 2Glucose 1 nrespiratiocellular anaerobic
ATP 38-36Glucose 1 nrespiratiocellular aerobic
ATP Production is very different in each type, but both begin with glycolysis
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Glycolysis
Requires:
Glucose, 2 ATP, 4ADP, 2NAD+
Produces:
4 ATP, 2ADP, 2 NADH,
2 Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) molecules
Where?
In the cytoplasm
Net gain is only 2 ATP!
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Glycolysis in Action
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Anaerobic Ways to Get Energy
No Oxygen? No Problem! (sort of)
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Anaerobic – Without O2
Fermentation is the extraction of
energy without the use of oxygen
Both forms of anaerobic fermentation
are energetically poor for the
organisms that use them
Both forms start with glycolysis
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Anaerobic Respiration
NOT energetically effective
Only 2 ATP from each
glucose molecule as a result
of glycolysis
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YOU NEED TO DISCHARGE THE NADH BATTERIES!
So you have 2 ATP? And you can’t get any more. Why would
you need fermentation (anaerobic respiration)?
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Quick Recall!!!
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Point of Fermentation?Discharging the Batteries!
Fermentation:
Reactants Pyruvic Acid, NADH
Products
Alcoholic Fermentation: alcohol, NAD +, CO2
Lactic Acid Fermentation: lactic acid, NAD+
KEY: both types of fermentation are needed to
discharge the NADH battery so it can be
returned to glycolysis as NAD+ for continued
production of ATP
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Fermentation and Glycolysis
GLYCOLYSIS
1 Glucose 2 NAD+2 ATP
** 4 ATPNet 2 ATP
2 Pyruvic Acid 2 NADH
FERMENTATION
Alcohol / Lactic Acid
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Anaerobic Fermentation
Both forms of anaerobic fermentation begin
with the 3 carbon molecule Pyruvic Acid
(Pyruvate) from Glycolysis
Because 2 pyruvate molecules are formed in glycolysis, the process
happens twice, so there is double this amount in the end.
2CO NAD EthanolNADH Pyruvate
NAD Acid LacticNADH Pyruvate
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Ethanol Fermentation
Can be used for a variety of
applications
– beer and wine
– bread production
– microbial biofuel
production
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in animal cells, some
fungi and bacteria
– can be used for• yogurt, sourdough breads,
sauerkraut, cucumber pickles
and olives
– causes the muscles in
your body to hurt during
strenuous exercise
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Always the first stepof respiration
Then make a decision:O2 or no O2?
Fermentationis the answer if there isno O2
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Now! On to the O2 !
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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Review of ATP PathwaysStage 1 - Glycolysis
O2 No O2
Fermentation(Anaerobic Respiration)
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Stage 2 – Krebs Cycles
Stage 3 – Electron Transport Chain
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Aerobic Respiration
Requires:
Glucose and 6O2
Produces:
36 ATP, 6CO2 and 6H2O
Where?
Inside mitochondria (eukaryotes)
On the cell membrane (prokaryotes)
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Location, Three Phases of Aerobic CR, Electron Carriers and ATP Production
In the Cytoplasm In the Mitochondria
glycolysis Electron
Transport
2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP
NADH
Krebs
Cycle
NADH & FADH2
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Location of the Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
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Krebs Cycle
Requires:
2 Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) molecules,
2ADP, 8 NAD+, and 2 FAD
Produces:
2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2FADH2 , 6CO2 for each
Glucose
Where?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
Turns 2 times for each GLUCOSE MOLECULE!
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Kreb’s Cycle in Action
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Electron Transport
This is where MOST of the energy of CR is made
NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle are used to create a H+ gradient to power ATP synthase
ET –
Produces 32 ATP
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Electron Transport in Action