Download - Philosophy - Final Questions
-
8/6/2019 Philosophy - Final Questions
1/5
Philosophy Final Questions
1.
Being-in-itself
The way of being of mere objects (putting out_
The being of the phenomenon, object is equal to phenomenon it shows up to mein conscious experience.
Objects of consciousness as they show up to us in experience
Is-what-it-is
simply is what it is now, lack potentialities and depends on human
expectations, desires structure
Being-for-itself
is what it is not, but is not what it is
way of being of consciousness (first person
- Outside itself - Reflects upon; I am always aware of myself, in also being aware of the
world, but I as a spectator am not what I as observer am. (self-consciousness)
- I am in itself but as for itself, I deny that I am identical to a mere in itself
- Is outside-its-self (elastic)
- absorbed in a world in which it is aware
- steps outside herself taking an external point of view of ones self- we have to exist and understand who we are in terms of our possibilities (in-itself)
2. features that ariseFacticity
- Our presence in the world is outside our choice to control since it
is in virtue of the in-itself being here that I as for-it-self are here at all- Thrownness
- Given its dependance on the in-itself, the for-itself- appears in a
condition, that it has not chosen, with certain constraintsUnjustifiability/Gratuitousness
- The fact that I exist it unjustifiable, gratuitous, contingent. The same goes for my having
been thrown into this situation
- Both throwness and unjustifiability are a result of my in-itself, which is all about luck,totally gratuitous. Nothing has to be or can be justified, it just is.
3.
- Anny realizes that expressions such as hate and love are consciousdecisions of actions based on the for-itself, attempt to project a certain in-
itself, and give off an in-itself- Hate and love as words are characterized as in-itself to give social
meaning and structure to the world, by the for-itself.
4.
-
8/6/2019 Philosophy - Final Questions
2/5
- Types of bad faith
- Facticity and transcendance
- (ask for explanation)
- Being-for-others; my understanding of myself as being in the world as freely constituted
by other subjects
- Being-for-oneself; is my understanding of myself, as a planning projecting subject in theworld freely constituting a world of objects
******existence preceeds essence******
- Past/present: in my past Im an in-itself (fixed) in my present I am a for-itself (a freebeing)
- Can be in bad faith by embracing and identifying only with ones past, avoiding
recognition of ones troubling freedom to become totally different. (when you dont
realize)- Embracing ones present freedom, in total denial of ones past deeds and whatever they
may entail.
5.
- Sincerety is impossible. Attempts at sincereity are in bad faith. *(it is impossible to say Iam selfish because you at any moment can CHOOSE to not be selfish)
- You constitute yourself w. a certain type of object in order to escape it. By showingoneself to be freely able to choose to confess a certain objective attribute demonstrates
the embrace of the for-itself, giving yourself an in-itself characteristic
6. human existence makes bad faith possible. Why and how?-Dual nature of human existence which is as for-itself in / as in-itself;
- Bad Faith is a matter of embracing a half truth; accepting just one side of
it to avoid unpleasant second side-Easy to rest content with a half-truth (^^ about bad faith) because belief is
never full belief/conviction, belief is always self undermining, so we learn
not to push beliefs or as too much from them-Belief is never full conviction, never forced on us by the facts. Is a structure
of the for-itself (mind), its a freely embraced way of viewing the world.
-We take beliefs on freely and they exist because of us.
7.
-Who is the other
- One who is looking at me but that I am not looking at- the source of the alienation of my possibilities for the others they
are probabilities
- the source of the organization of my world; everything presented tome, for me, is reorganized around the others point of view. They are there
for him and for her
-Sartre V. Descartes V. Husserl- The primary experience of the other as another is not an object in
the world, I have to infer an introjected experience into it to acknowledge
its consciousness
-Sartre; the primary experience of the other as another is, as a subject which I
-
8/6/2019 Philosophy - Final Questions
3/5
apprehend after understanding the possibility of me being seen as an
object (through shame or pride) I turn to apprehend the other as a mere
object, only in self defense.-Descartes; all I see is a body, whether there is a mind connected to it (a
person) is more open to doubt. If it is known at all in an inference
-Husserl; I apprehend others body, see that its like mine, and in empathy,introject my types of experience into it, and then I come to see it as
another person.
8-9.
-Being-for-others is a constant fact of human reality
- Even if noone is watching me now I constantly understand that I
can be seen as a certain object by others.- The original idea of god came from the idea that we are always
being watched but cannot what him. God is the other pushed to the
other
- Experiencing the other as a subject in experiencing the other asfree. Thus the other introduces an aspect to the world outside of
my knowledge, outside my control.- What about my constitutions of myself based on the presence of others
- reflective consciousness of myself as one having this consciousness of the
world (I see you and Im conscious that I see you)
- unreflective consciousness of object in the world leading me to see myself asan object seen by the other (I see me, as I see you, seeing me)
- I come to see myself as an object in the world as a particular thing,
freely constituted by the other. This me as an object in the world is alwaysunknowable since it is made by the other, alienating because I dont think
you see me specifically for who I am
8.) Shame is the feeling of being what I am for the other a mere object in the world
-a degraded fixed dependent object, it reveals that I am a being for others
Pride is a reaction to shame because I am accepting my object state but to regaincontrol of the situation by making myself into a good object. Causing the other to see me
as I want them too.
Pride is unstable
- I want a good image of me, however this good image must be freelyassigned by the other to me, hence while I try to manipulate the others I
am doing it so they see me in a positive way. The problem with this is that,
in order to manipulate the other subject I must treat them as an object, andan object can not give me any view of myself, if I allow an object to give
me a view of myself through manipulation, it is revealed that I am being-
for-others9.)
feeling of enslavement come when a very important part of me is out of
my control and in the others hands. I am a subject to a freedom which is
not mine, which can freely pass value judgments on me, and constitute me
-
8/6/2019 Philosophy - Final Questions
4/5
as a particular thing.
-feelings of alienation come when my possibilities are turned into the
probabilities the others have assigned to me. I identify with the me seen bythe other, yet it doesnt seem to really be me. It seems strange and
alienating.
- I am in danger of being freely constituted as a mere object in the world.Usable as an instrument.
10. Dialectic of the look:-Originally, I experience the other as subject through my share @ recognition
of my own object state.
-I recover myself as subject by turning the other into an object (arrogance)
-But this is doomed to failure: I can never turn the they into an object-We perpetually alternate between seeing the other as subject and as object
11. What is anguish?
-(find out)- we all suffer from anguish,
-if you reflect back you consider them as objects: cant affect your present-experience what I am to do as not determined by:
-my past
-external situation
-my motives/character
-aprehended only as objects of conciousnessmere
things in the world, hence ineffective stand
apart from them and consider them-prior decisions/resolutions
-they are objects in the world and subsequently ineffectiveon me they are merely part of mypast separate from my present for-itself
-given our experience of our freedom, in anguish we always experience our
own choices (if we react on them) as arbritrary, gratituous, unjustified,unexplainable, inexcusable
-Because we cant see them as having to be the way given
-external situation, past, motives
and yet we feel ourselves fully responsible for those choices
Most ppl dont feel anguish about most choices, why?
-normally anguish is avoid as long as we act unreflectively
-simply pursuing possiblities rather then reflecting on them aspossibilities so anguish need not arise
-Simply, I see the world as placing demands on me or as providing reasons
for action (but the demands/reasons come from me)-seeing the world unreflectively, through the lens of everyday morality
also makes certain acts show up as obligatory, forbidden, good/evil
-this keeps me from anguish yet all values originate from me-Fear reflects on the feeling of being utilised by others as a mere instrument of their
-
8/6/2019 Philosophy - Final Questions
5/5