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PHI 4313:Philosophy of Language:
Humboldt & the Continental European Heritage :
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Main figures discussed
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835)
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)
Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)
Noam Chomsky (1928- )
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What can Philosophy learn from Linguistics?
Biology, then and now
Mathematics
Physics
Linguistics the new science (general linguistics)
As a means of deception!
As a Tool of expression (Instrumentalism) ?
As a Social Institution, i.e., a means of communication
As Intellectual competence
As World-views, as Mans means of discerning the world
House of Being(Haus des Seins)?
Language as a system
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Levi-Straussonlanguage system
"Language does not enter into a world of accomplished
objective perceptions merely to give purely external and
arbitrary signs or 'names' to individual given objects which
are clearly delimited from one another; but it is itself a
mediator in the formation of object. It is in one sense the
supreme denominator" (Levi-Strauss, "Le Langage et la
Construction du Monde des Objets" inPsychologie du
Langage)
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Prager conception of
phonological system"We call phonological system of a language []
the repertory of oppositions which in a given
language can be associated with a differentiation
of meaning (repertory of phonological
oppositions). Terms of phonological oppositions
that are not susceptible to being dissociated into
smaller sub-oppositions are called phonemes"
(Troubetzkoy/Jakobson)
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Kants concept of systemKants distinction between system and aggregate
Plato and Aristotle on Parts and Wholes
Plato: whole > sum of parts by what he called structure
(sumplok). Aristotle: organism > sum of organs
whole (lon) =/= total (pn) surplus: telos
Part-Whole logic in Husserl
Two different kind of parts
Parts as moments (Momente) =/= parts as pieces (Stcke)
System Aggregate
Grow from withinper intussusceptionem
Assembled from withoutper appositionem
Eg. Eg.
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1. =/=(la langue =/= la parole)
2. => phonology, syntax, lexicon
3.
4. (uniqueness)()
5. (competence, faculty)
75%(aphasia)
6. (acquisition)
7. (social institution)
8.
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Weisgerber & Ricoeur on Language and society
Leo Weisgerber (1989-1984): Menschheitsgesetze der Sprache (Humanisticlaws of language)
Gesetz der Muttersprache (Law of mother tongue), thrownness
Gesetz der Sprachgemeinschaft (Law of linguistic community)
Gesetz der sprachbedingten Daseins (Law of the linguistic conditioning ofhuman existence)
Ricoeur: If language is a system without a 'subject', we can no longer take for
granted the primacy of the subject which Western philosophy has assertedsince Descartes, Kant and Fichte, and into which Husserlian phenomenologyhas breathed new life in the name of the intentional consciousness, ofreduction and constitution. Far from constituting the sense, the subject himselfis instituted by language. Like society, man is the product of language ratherthan its inventor.
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Linguistic Turn: (E. Britannica.)
"Its main characteristics have been the avoidance of systembuilding and a commitment to detailed, piecemeal analyses ofspecific issues. Within this tradition there have been two mainapproaches: a formal style, deriving from logic; and an approach
emphasizing ordinary language.""Perhaps the most distinctive feature of analytic philosophy is itsemphasis upon the role that language plays in the creation andresolution of philosophical problems. These problems, it is said,arise through the misuses, oversimplifications, and unwarrantedgeneralizations of everyday language. Wittgenstein said in thisconnection: 'Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of theintelligence by means of language.' The idea that philosophicalproblems are in some important sense linguistic (or conceptual) iscalled the 'linguistic turn'."
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A broader understanding of Linguistic Turn
The notion of Philosophy of Language
Different models of linguistic turn
OLP stance (therapeutic model) Post-Structural stance (deconstructive model)
Habermasian stance (transcendental-
pragmatic model) Humboldtian stance (formative model)
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Linguistic Turn:
Oxford Companion to Philosophy, entry on Linguistic turn: Theproject thus described was pursued most zealously by J. L. Austin andthe proponents of so-called ordinary languagephilosophy. Ourcommon stock of words,Austin wrote,embodies all the distinctionsmen have found worth drawing ... in the lifetimes of many generations:
these are surely likely to be more numerous, more sound, since theyhave stood up to the long test of the survival of the fittest, and moresubtle ... than any that you or I are likely to think up in our arm-chairs ofan afternoon - the most favoured alternative method'.But the troublewith this approach, as many have felt, is its tendency to consecrate thenuances of received ('common-sense') wisdom while failing to address
more substantive philosophical issues. Thus it can easily give rise to anoutlook of laissez-faire relativism or an inert consensus-basedrecommendation that philosophy should cease asking awkwardquestions and be content - in Wittgenstein's phrase - to 'leave everythingas it is'.(Christopher Norris)
Goethe: Ich
denke immer,wenn ich einen
Druckfehler sehe,
es sei etwas neues
erfunden!
(Maximen und
Reflektionen)
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Philosophical Issues related to Language
Consciousness
Knowledge and perception
Meaning Constitution (Bildungskonzeption)
Mental developmentHuman relationship (communication)
National character
Social institution
Tradition formation
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Language & Brain
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Homunculi according to Penfield
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Motoric Homunculusin details
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The Human Brain:
discovery of speech areas
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Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)
(extralinguistic reality)
Roman Jakobson,Brain and language : Cerebral Hemispheres and Linguistic Structure in
Mutual Light.. (Columbus,Ohio : Slavica Publishers, 1980.)
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Appendices
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Aristotles implication:
Things and mental impressions are universal
Sounds and writings are relative to peoples
Conventionalist view Instrumentalist view
Related Philosophical issues:
Relation between mind and reality (adaequatio truth?!)
Any prelinguistic clarity of mind / thought?!
The role of language (sound)
The role of writing (script)
Aristotle: On interpretation
)
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Language and world-view (Weltanschauung)
Kant Weltanschauung : Weltbild, Weltansicht ()
Humboldt there resides in every language a characteristic world-view.(60/434)
since every language contains the whole conceptual fabric and mode ofpresentation of a portion of mankind(60/434)
Gadamer: [Welt-an-sichWelt-ansicht] It is true that the historical worlds that succeed one another in thecourse of history are different from one another and from the worldof today; but it is always, in whatever tradition we consider it, ahuman, ie. a linguistically constituted worldthat presents itself tous.[...]
This is of fundamental importance, for it makes the use of the
expression world in itself (Welt-an-sich)problematical. Thecriterion for the continuing expansion of our own world-pictureis notgiven by a world in itself that lies beyond all language. Rather theinfinite perfectibility of the human experience of the world meansthat, whatever language we use, we never achieve anything but anever more extended aspect, a view of the world (Welt-ansicht).(Wahrheit und Methode, Truth and Method, D423/E405)
H.-G.
Gadamer1900-2002
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Problem of Universals
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Problem of Universals -(1)
universal
(judgment)(particular)
(singular)universals
particularsingular
(individuals )
Eg. Dr. Shepherds dog
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Problem of Universals -(2)(Universalienstreit, controversy over universals) What is the nature of universals?(realism)(nominalism)
realism):(res)
extreme realism: Platoseparateness
moderate realism: Aristotleinherence
(nominalism) :(nomen)
Roscellinvox, flatus vocis
AbelardRoscellinmeaningful sound ,Sermovoxsigificativa
Occamconceptus(Begriff / begreifen)Conceptconceiveceivecon-Con-cept
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Problem of Universals -(3)concipereconceptus(Occam)(conceptualism)nomensermoconceptus(ex hominum institutione)
(Bochum)Kurt Flasch[...]
[...]7*sermosermo(meaning discrimination)
(p.224)
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Problem of Universals -(4)Avicenna, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas
universale ante rem
(e.g. Plato)
universale in re
(e.g. Aristotle)
universale post rem
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The Kantian Heritage of Humboldt
Whrend Leibniz den Weg des deutschen Idealismus im weitesten Sinne
angebahnt hat, gilt Kant als derjenige groe Philosoph, der Humboldtentscheidend beeinflusst hat, sowohl im Hinblick auf Methodik undTerminologie, als auch auf die philosophische Grundposition, weilHumboldt dem Kritizismus Kants im Grunde genommen treu gebliebenist. Wie Rudolf Haymund auch Cassirerprgnant ausgedrckt haben,
sind der Buchstabe und der Geist Kantsin Humboldts Arbeiten berallzu spren.[1]Kulturphilosophisch gesehen hat Humboldt nach Kant denHumanittsgedanken am strksten vertreten. Der groe BeitragHumboldts ber Kant hinaus liegt allein darin, dass Humboldt einenneuen Schwerpunkt fr den idealistischen und humanistischen Gedankengefunden hat, nmlich, im Problem der Sprache. So meinte auch Cassirer,
dass kraft der Vermittlung der Sprache, ein vllig neuer Weg undZugang zu den Geisteswissenschaften berhauptgefunden wurde.[2]
[1]Rudolf Haym, Humboldt-Biographie, zitiert von Ernst Cassirer, Die kantischen Elemente inWilhelm von Humboldts Sprachphilosophie, Festschrift fr Paul Hensel, hrsg. v. JuliusBinder (Greiz i. V. 1923), S. 105-127, besonders S. 109.
[2]Cassirer, ibid, S. 108
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Dogmatismus(childhood)Skeptizismus (adolescence)Kritizismus (adulthood)
Dogmatismus(rationalism)Skeptizismus (empiricism)Kritizismus (criticism)
rationalismempiricism
In a word, Leibniz intellectualisedappearances, just asLocke, according to his system of noogony(if I may be
allowed the use of such expressions), sensualisedallconcepts of the understanding, i.e.interpreted them as
nothing more than empirical or abstracted concepts of
reflection. (A271B327)
rationalismempiricism
Kants Relation to his predecessors:
(1) Rationalism & Empicism
Kants general
distinctionbetweensensualistsand
intellectualists
Eg. Epicurus vs Plato
See Chapter on History
of Pure Reason
(853-4 881-2)
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Kants Relation to his predecessors:
(2) Plato & Aristotle
Kant and Plato?
Parable of the light dove(5 8-9) It would be my own fault, if out of that which I ought to
reckon as appearance, I made mere illusion.(69)Kant and Aristotle?
Hylomorphism (lh hyle,moqfh morphe)
Doctrine of categories
Between Idealism and Realism
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Articulation
Artikulierter Lauthrbarer Laut Artikulation(Krper)
Articulated soundaudible soundArticulation
Form Matter (sound matter)
Artikulationsvermgen (441) Artikulationssinn
Articulation rest upon the power of mind over the vocal organs, tocompel them to deal with sound in accordance with the form of its
own working
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For Kant:
Form:form of intuition +form of thought
Humboldt:
Form of LanguageSound-form +Inner linguistic form
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