Download - Phases of the 100 Yrs War
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Phases of the 100 Yrs War
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5) Phase One
English Success Under Edward III
(1337-1360)
a) 1340 – Sluys (Sluis) : June, Naval
Battle
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- English attack the French to pre- empt and invasion
- 9 hr battle featuring archers & hand-to-hand combat
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- Losses: 200 ships, 16,000 men, almost all French
- Result: Kiss invading England good-bye
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b) 1345 – Edward III invades Normandy, Philip raises a HUGE army to repel
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c) 1346: Crecy
- English cut-off on way to Flanders
- Aug. 26th: 12,000 Eng. Versus 30-40,000 French
- Fr: armored knights Eng: ye olde long bow
6 ft – 6 in, 105 lbs draw force
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- Fr: 16 cavalry charges
0 worked
- Lesson: long bows can penetrate armor
- Results: 150-1000 Eng. k/w
6000-20,000 Fr. k/w
Misericorida, 11 in x 1 in blade
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d) 1347:
- English capture Calais
- English capture David II of Scotland
(Battle of Neville’s Cross)
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e) 1348+:
- Black death in both Eng & Fr
- Eng could not finance offensives
- John II takes throne in Fr (1350)
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f) 1356:
- Black Prince invades Gascony
- September: Battle of Poitiers
- Crecy, all over again BUT
this time King John is captured
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g) 1357+:
- England gains more land
- France has a peasant revolt
- England re-invades
- Treaty of Bretigny:Ed III “renounces” his claimto the throne in return for all the seized land
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6) Phase Two
French Drive Out the English
(1360 – 1400)
a) Charles V retakes Ed’s territory as soon as he took the throne
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b) Black Prince was occupied in Spain
(and will die there)
c) Richard II takes throne –
the foundation for the War of the Roses is laid and occupies England
until ~1400
(Lancaster v. York)
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7) Phase Three
English Victories Under Henry V
(1400 - 1429)
a) 1415: Henry lands in Normandy, demanding the throne
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b) Oct 25th: Agincourt
- English cut off on way to Calais
- 6000 Eng v. 20,000+ French
(5000 Archers) v. (Lots of knights)
(Lots of nobility)
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- Terrain: deep mud
- Motivation: Henry’s speech
- Weapon of Choice: Longbow, again
6 ft – 6 in, 105 lbs draw force
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- Result: 100+ English dead
6000+ French dead
(Including at least
5000 nobles & 1000
nobles as prisoner)
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- Result: 100+ English dead
6000+ French dead
(Including at least
5000 nobles &1000
nobles as prisoner)
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c) 1416+
- Henry retakes Normandy, allies w/ Burgundians (who had captured Paris)
– Treaty of Troyes hands the French throne to Henry
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–After Henry’s death (1422) English armies remain victorious
– Includes beating Scottish forces so badly they no longer land in France
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8) Phase Four
France Unites Under Valois Kings
(1429 - 1453)
a) Disputes over throne/regents =
reopening of war
(The King is crazy, the heir is young,
the Dukes of Burgundy…. Etc)
Charles VI
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b) 1429: Orleans
- Eng. had seized in 1428
- Joan of Arc leads relief force =
first real French victory in 80 yrs.
- Charles VII is crowned at Reims
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c) 1430:
- Burgundians capture Joan, sell
her to English, they execute her
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d) 1435+:
- Burgundians switch allegiance, give Paris back to French
- Charles VII uses time to reorganize country and army
- Battles continue…..
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- English drove out, except for Calais, and worry about War of the Roses
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9) Results:
a) Change in Warfare
- paid, professional armies have replaced feudal armies
- new goal: kill opponents, not capture for ransom
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- new tactic: knights are out, foot soldiers are back in
- new weapons: the long bow and the start of gunpowder
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b) Change in Power
- feudalism is dying if not dead
(and so is the Middle Ages)
- Kings gain power as sole leaders
Why?
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i) a central power is needed to protect the (new) nation(s)
ii) & only 1 person can consolidate enough tax $ to
pay for it
- Europe is now Nation States
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c) Focus
- Both nations will not turn inward
- France will build/reform/catch-up with England
- England will resolve the War of the Roses
- end -