• Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases
• Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system
• Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system
• Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs• Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to
drugs because of genetic variations
Pharmacokinetic
ADME:Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism, ExcretionADME will be changed by Pregnancy
Therapeutic index = LETHAL DOSE / THERAPEUTIC DOSE
TI of Digoxin,Warfarin and Lithium is very smallSo they are very Dangerous
• Pharmaceutic : Disintegration and Solubility• Elixir > Suspension > Cap > Tab > Matrix tab > Enteric coated
• Pharmacokinetic• Absorption , Distribution , Metabolism ,Excretion ADME• Absorption from intestine > Skin • Absorption from sublingual > subdermal• Non ionized > Ionized• Route of dug administration :• Enteral : Gastrointestinal tract• Parenteral : Subcutaneous, Intramuscular,Intravenous,Intrathecal• Pulmonary• Topical
• Distribution Plasma protein : Albumin , sulfunamide Binding : Warfain 99%,Cimetidine 20% Competition : Aspirin and Warfarin ( Bleeding ) Hypoproteinemia : Liver failure Adipose tissue : Accumulation ( Thiopental ) Bone : Tetracycline ( Browning of the teeth ) Blood brain barrier : Anesthetics Placental barrier : Anesthetics , Steroids
• Bioavailabiliy : Intravenous dose / Administered dose
• Excretion :Kidney : Ionized drugs > non ionized drugsAlkalinization ( Phenobarbital ) BicarbonateAcidification ( Amphetamine ) Vitamin C CG.I.Tract : MorphineLungs : AnestheticsSaliva : Dermatitis ( some intravenous drugs )Mammilary glands : pH= 6.5 Morphine
Affinity : Drug binding to its receptor
Efficacy : Effects after drug binding
Potency : Capability of drugs in similar doses Lid4 Pril 1
Physiologic Ant : two receptors Histamine,Salbutamol
Pharmacologic Ant: one receptor acetylcholine,Atropine
Chemical Ant : Without recepter Fe,desferoxamine
Competetive Ant: Acetylcholine,Atropine
Non competetive Ant : Phanoxybenzamine
Partial agonists : Their efficacy is less than full agonist
Loading dose = Volume of distribtion ×Total concenration
Therapeutic index = LD 50 / ED50 Digoxin
• Predictable adverse effects• Age : Infants and old patients , Chloramphenicol
• Body mass : Infants ( per KG )
• Sex : Fat and water ratio ( male and female )
• Time of administration : With meal Aspirin
• Idiosyncrasy: unusal responses to drugs
• Tolerance : Disappearance of effect Morphine
• Tachyphylaxis : Rapid tolerance Local anesthetics
• Dependence : Physical,Psychological Morphine
• Tincture : Preserved from light , Belladona• Syrup : Sweet, Hydroxyzine• Elixir : Addition of some materials,Acetaminophen• Suspension : Shaking before using,Furazolidone• Lotion:With alchohol,Kalamine• Ointment : Semisolid shape , • Cream : With water , • Pill,Dragee : Unfavorable pills• Ovule : Vaginal , Clotrimazole• Suppository : Indomethacin
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