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Structural Geology in Petroleum Exploration
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Topics: Petroleum System Traps Exploration Methods (seismic) Maui Field Example Salt Tectonics
Reading: 1. Outline in website2. Pdf file: Geology for Petroleum Exploration, Drilling, and
Production by Norman J. Hyne, 1984, pages 173-197.
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Factors required to make a conventional Oil Deposit
• A Sedimentary Basin with:• Source rock- rich in organic matter• Burial heating maturation• Reservoir rock- porous and permeable• Trap-
– structural trap– stratigraphic trap
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Petroleum system
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Oil Exploration Strategy:
Find the Traps The most common traps are structures Can’t see the oil ahead of the drill So exploration often targets the structures in
hopes of finding oil
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Origin of Petroleum Oil forms from the decay and
transformation of dead organisms (algae) buried in sedimentary rocks
% Total Organic Content
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Source Rocks Black organic-rich marine
shales Organic matter is preserved
in low-oxygen water Restricted marine basins
and zones were water rises from the deep
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Maturation of Organic MatterAt about 60o C transformation of kerogen begins
• Liquid hydrocarbons begin to form Above 140o C only gas is produced
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Migration of oil Oil is less dense than water Oil will move up by buoyancy Oil needs a permeable bed to move It will stop when it reaches an impermeable bed
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Migration
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Eastern Venezuela
Western Canada
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Oil Reservoirs Permeable reservoir bed Impermeable seal
Porosity
Open space!
Sandstone
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Trap Types
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Stratigraphic Traps
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Structural Traps
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3D Structural Closure, Cooper Basin (Australia)
Merrimelia Fm: - Starts the Cooper Basin - Waxing and waning of glacial sediments
Cooper Basin
Tria
ssic
Triassic Inerval
Per
mia
n
Toolachee FmRoseneath ShaleEpsilon FmMurteree Fm
Patchawarra
Tirrawarra Fm
Car
boni
fero
us
Merrimelia Fm
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Trap Terminology
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Fault Traps
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Gullfaks Field North Sea
Fossen, 2010
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Map of the Murre Field
Newfoundland
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Compressional Traps
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Traps in Strike-Slip settings
Positive Flower Structures
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How to see in the subsurface?
Drilling Structural Interpretation Seismic Reflection Imaging
• Send sound into the rock, and collect the echoes
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Seismic Acquisition
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Seismic shotgather-
Every vertical squiggle is from one geophone
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3D Seismic Image
Salt
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3D Geological Model
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Offshore Platform
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Maui Field, New Zealand
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Horizontal Marcellus Wells in Northern PA
Koury , 2016
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Well Log Measured While Drilling (MWD Log)
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Geosteering A Well With Interpretation
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What the wellbore sees as it drills the structure
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Subsurface structure based on multiple adjacent horizontal wells
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Major Hydrocarbon Provinces in North America
Sedimentary Basins
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Gulf of Mexico: Regional cross sections
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Drilling Depth to Base Marcellus
Appalachian Basin
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Appalachian Basin Cross Section
7000 ft
3000 ft
Foreland Basin
Soeder, DOE
240 miles
West East
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Take Home Ideas A productive petroleum basin requires a mature,
organic-rich source rock Conventional oil deposits depend on traps where
migrated oil is concentrated Common structural traps are anticlines, tilted fault
blocks, and tilted beds below unconformities A trap must have 3D closure to work Hydrocarbons are stacked by density in a trap Unconventional deposits depend only on having
mature source rock that can be fracked.