![Page 1: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pesticides for managing bed bugsPesticides for managing bed bugs
Richard S. CowlesRichard S. Cowles
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, Valley LaboratoryStation, Valley Laboratory
Windsor, CTWindsor, CT
http://women4hope.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/female-bedbug.jpg
![Page 2: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’lives during WWII.
Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication in U.S. of bed bugs.
![Page 3: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Selection with DDT could have led to pre-adaptation to survive exposure to pyrethroids.
![Page 4: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(s)-hydroprene
chlorfenapyr
* Crack and crevice only,
bed bugs not on label.
propoxur *
fenvalerate
bifenthrin
permethrin
lambda-cyhalothrin
Residual insecticides registered for control of bed bugs on surfaces other than on mattresses
Phyllis Mazik
![Page 5: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Insecticides Registered for Control of Bed Bugs on Mattresses
Residual Chemicals
permethrin
pyrethrins
ground limestone
silica aerogel dust + pyrethroid
cyfluthrin
deltamethrin
Contact Chemicals
alcohols
d-phenothrin
pyrethrins
NC State University Cooperative Extension 2006
![Page 6: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Application of Pyrethroids to Bed Bugs
Assembling the Hamilton Repeating Dispenser
Placing a small drop of a pyrethroid
insecticide on a bed bug
![Page 7: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pyrethrum Daisy (Tanacetum cinerariaefolium)
![Page 8: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Natural products are called pyrethrins
Synthetic products are called pyrethroids
![Page 9: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mortality of Bed Bugs after 72 Hours Exposure to 1 µg of Insecticide
0AcetoneNegative Control
90DeltamethrinII
80CyfluthrinII
10FenpropathrinII
5FenvalerateII
80Cis-cypermethrinII
35Trans-cypermethrinII
95Lambda cyhalothrinII
5ResmethrinI
0PermethrinI
5TetramethrinI
5d-Trans AllethrinI
5PyrethrinsI
5D-PhenothrinI
% MortalityCommon NameClass*
![Page 10: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Liquid and Dust Formulations of Insecticides Tested against Bed Bugs
NoneSyloid Silica Gel
CyfluthrinTempo Dust
PyrethrinsDrione
DeltamethrinDelta DustDust
Lambda cyhalothrinCyonara 9.7
DeltamethrinD-Force HPX
D-PhenothrinBedlamLiquid
Common NameTrade NameFormulation
![Page 11: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Applying Residual Chemicals to Filter Papers, Hardboards, and Mattress Covers
Applying Drione
to a soil sieve
Hardboards treated with
DrioneApplying D-Force
![Page 12: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Percent Mortality of Bed Bugs Note: 13 days of continuous exposure
3407102790Mattress Cover
134317372793Hardboard
2350507773100Filter Paper
1681125635151
Age of D-Force HPX when bed bugs first exposed (days)Surface
![Page 13: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Percent Mortality of Bed Bugs
100100100100100100Mattress Cover
100 100100100100100Hardboard
100100100100100100Filter Paper
1681125635151
Age of Drione residue when bed bugs first exposed (days)Surface
![Page 14: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Percent Mortality of Bed Bugs
100100100100100Mattress Cover
100100100100100Hardboard
100100100100100Filter Paper
1125635151
Age of Syloid Silica Gel dust when bed bugs first exposed (days)Surface
![Page 15: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Percent Mortality of Bed Bugs Note: 13 days of continuous exposure
3407102790Mattress Cover
134317372793Hardboard
2350507773100Filter Paper
1681125635151
Age of D-Force HPX when bed bugs first exposed (days)Surface
What about behavioral effects?
![Page 16: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Behavioral Responses of the Bed Bug to Insecticide ResiduesAlvaro Romero, Michael F. Potter, and Kenneth F. Haynes
Journal of Medical Entomology 46(1): 51-57. 2009
In two-choice tests, grouped insects and individual insects avoided resting on filter paper treated with deltamethrin.
Insects did not avoid surfaces treated with chlorfenapyr.
Harborages, containing feces and eggs and treated with a deltamethrin-based product, remained attractive to
individuals from a strain resistant to pyrethroids. Video recordings of bed bugs indicated that insects increased
activity when they contacted sublethal doses of
deltamethrin.
![Page 17: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pyrethroid summary
Target site insensitivityBehavioral avoidanceReduced penetration through cuticleMetabolic detoxification
Do not expect pyrethroids to have any utility for killing bed bugs
![Page 18: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Non-pyrethroid bed bug insecticides
Phantom = chlorfenapyr
TC 269, Alpine dust = dinotefuranMulticide 295511 = phenothrin + imidaclopridTransport = bifenthrin + acetamiprid
Gentrol, RF9707 = hydropreneTER-CX1 = neem oil
![Page 19: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dusts
The oldest insecticide
![Page 20: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lipid barrier is only 0.25 µm thick
Emptying wax canals by sorption of wax at the surface leads to rapid desiccation
![Page 21: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
All three effective measures desiccate bugs
DustsHeat treatmentAlcohol spray
![Page 22: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Bed bugs have extremely high surface to volume ratio, and so are especially susceptible to desiccation.
Bed bugs are unlikely to evolve resistance to desiccants!
![Page 23: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Jim Miller
Jim Miller
White sheet on bed
Bed bugs in refrigerator
Aggregation behavior may be an adaptation to avoid desiccation
![Page 24: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Diatomaceous earth
Similar in principle to silica aerogelMay contain some crystalline silica
(risk of silicosis if inhaled)
![Page 25: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
W. R. Grace
Surface area can reach 300 m per gram
(Ebeling, W. 1971. Annu. Rev. Entomol.)
2
![Page 26: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pure silica gel dust is now available
Least risk to humans
Suitable for DIY
![Page 27: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Putting it all together:practical management for infestations
How dusts may be used /The sleeping human as bait
![Page 28: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Susan McKnightSusan McKnight’’s Inventions Invention
““CLIMBUP Insect InterceptorCLIMBUP Insect Interceptor””
![Page 29: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Photo:
Susan McKnight
![Page 30: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Exclusion from bedding
Covers for box springs and mattresses can isolate bed bugs so that they cannot escape from within, and will eventually starve.
![Page 31: Pesticides for managing bed bugs Richard S. Cowles ... · 4/15/2013 · DDT saved many soldiers and civilians’ lives during WWII. Era of public acceptance led to virtual eradication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022708/5be6970209d3f22b448ddd32/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Best practices to get rid of bed bugs:Best practices to get rid of bed bugs:
DonDon’’t spray pyrethroids! t spray pyrethroids!
Use dusts as crack/crevice treatmentUse dusts as crack/crevice treatment
Use interceptor trapsUse interceptor traps
Enclose mattress/box springs with coverEnclose mattress/box springs with cover
Prevent contact of bed clothes with floorPrevent contact of bed clothes with floor