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Transportation Decision-making – Principles of Project Evaluation and Programming
Chapter 2Performance Measures
1K. C. Sinha and S. Labi
Purdue University School of Civil Engineering
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Performance Measures in Transportation Evaluation
Introduction
Goals, Objectives and Measures
Network and Project Levels
Objectives
Linking Goals to Measures2
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What is Performance?
Execution of a required function
Performance measures represent the extent to which a specific function is executed
Whose point of view?UserAgencyOperatorOther stakeholders
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Measures are needed at various levelsSystem-wide plans and programsSolutions for a specific localized problem
ISTEA of 1991
GASB resolution of 1989
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Goals
Objectives
Performance Measures
Performance Criteria
Performance Standards
Overall Goals
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Contd.
Overall Goal: Efficiency, Effectiveness, Equity
Goal: Under effectiveness, goals can cover condition (system preservation), operational characteristics, (safety, mobility) or external effects (environmental conservation)
Objective: If goal is to enhance regional air transportation mobility, objective can be to reduce air travel time
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Contd.
Performance Measure: Performance indicator, e.g. air traveler delay
Performance Criterion: A specific definition attached to a measure, e.g. to
minimize average transfer time
Performance Standard: A fixed value of a criterion – threshold, trigger
value, minimum level of service, e.g. averagetransfer time cannot exceed 90 minutes
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Typical Goals, Objectives, Performance Measures and Performance Criteria for Efficiency
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Typical Goals, Objectives, Performance Measures and Performance Criteria for Equity
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Network Level: System-wide evaluation of program, policies, funding, investment strategies.
Project Level: An optimum policy, design or preservation strategy for a specific facility (pavement section, bridge, transit terminal, etc.) at a given time or over life cycle.
Performance Measures at Network and Project Levels
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Example: Air Transportation
1. Network Level: Change in average plane delay across a region or airline network in response to national airport security measures.
2. Project Level: Change in average plane delay at a given airport because of a runway expansion project.
Optimal decisions at project level may not mean optimal decisions at network level and vice versa.
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Properties of a Good Performance Measure
Appropriateness – adequate representation of goals and objectives.
Measurability – can be accurately measured.
Dimensionality – should be able to capture the required level of each evaluation dimension. e.g. appropriate spatial/temporal scales.
Realistic – data collection at a reasonable cost.
Defensible – clear and simple in definition and method of computation.
Forecastable – can be determined reliably in the future.
The set should be comprehensive, but manageable.12
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Dimensions of Performance Measures
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Dimension Example
Overall Goals Economic Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity
Objectives Preservation of System Condition, Operational Efficiency, Economic Development, Quality of life, Safety, and Environment
Sector Concerns Private (Profit), Public (Service)
Flow Entity Freight and Passenger
Modal Scope Multi-modal and Single mode
Specific Mode Highway, Urban Transit, Railway, Waterway and Pipeline Inter-modal
Affected Entity and Stakeholder Agency, User or Non-User
Spatial Scope Urban, Rural, City-wide versus Intercity
Level of Agency Responsibility State, District, Local
Time Frame Long-term and Short-term
Level of Refinement Primary and Secondary Indicators
Intended Use Policy, Programming, Implementation, Post-implementation Review
Level of Use of Information Management and Operational Levels
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Operational Performance
AccessibilityThe ability to handle specific types of passenger or freight
The capacity of specific inter-modal facilities
The ease of access to the system
The ease of connecting at transfer facilities
The percentage of population or freight – generating business within a certain time/distance
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Mobility
Travel time, LOS, speed, delay, congestion
Average speed vs. peak period speed
Transfer time at inter-modal facilities, hours of delay
Percentage of a facility not heavily congested during peak period.
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Operational Efficiency
Cost per unit of facility dimension (initial cost maintenance, preservation)
Total life cycle cost
User cost per unit use
Total life cycle user costs and benefits
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Safety
Frequencies or rates (per mile, per AADT, per VMT)
Severity types (fatal, injury or PD)
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Reduction in Vulnerability as a Measure of Performance
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Security from Extreme Events
Vulnerability RatingLikelihoodConsequence
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Economic Development and Land Use
Number of businesses
Business sales
Number of jobs
Per capita income
Average and proportions of commercial, residential and agricultural land areas
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Environmental Quality and Resource Conservation
Average of wetlands affected
Pollutant emissions and concentrations
Noise and vibration levels
Energy consumption
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Quality of Life
Overall well-being
Community spirit
Social equity
Privacy
Aesthetics
Concern for the disadvantaged22
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Sector Concerns and Interests
Toll Roads OperatorTransportation ProviderShipperTruckerEtc.
Profit
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Federal, State and Local Government Agencies Service
Private Sector
Public Sector
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Flow Entity
PassengerDelay/passengerOut-of-pocket costsTravel time reliability
FreightBoarding timeInventory time and costTravel time reliability
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Examples of Network-level Performance Measures Based on Highway System Goals and Objectives
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Contd.
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Summary of Transit Performance Measures
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Airport Facilities
Operational AdequacyGate delay
Physical AdequacyRunway/TaxiwayAirspace use restrictions
Environmental and Land Use CompatibilityHeight zoningAirport in local planningNoise management
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Continued –
Financial PerformanceOperating ratioLevel of subsidyRevenue passenger served
AccessibilityGround and air access
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Inter-modal Facilities
P.C. time congestion experienced
Incident frequency or severity
Average travel time for passengers or freight mode
Inter-modal transfer time reliability
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Entity or Stakeholder AffectedAgencyAdjacent businesses / residentsEnvironmental group
Spatial ScopeStatewide, Countrywide, Citywide, etc.Corridor or specific segment or mode
Level of Agency Responsibility State / Local
Time Frame and Level of RefinementPrimarySecondary
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Benefits of Using Performance Measures
Clarity and transparency of decisions
Attainment of policy goals
Internal and external agency communications
Monitoring and improvement of agency business processes
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