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Penn State University MGIS Program Capstone Project Proposal Peer Presentation:
Creating a Spatial Analysis Model for Generating Composite Cost Surfaces to Depict Cross Country Mobility in Natural
Terrain
Andrew Grogan (MGIS) Advisor: Dr. Peter Guth USNA April 20th 2009
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Introduction
Creating a Spatial Analysis Model for Generating Composite Cost Surfaces to Depict Cross Country Mobility in Natural
Terrain
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ObjectiveTo create a spatial analysis model which generates standardized Cross-
Country Mobility (CCM) cost surface data depicting the ease or difficulty of vehicle movement in natural terrain for a designated area of interest.
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Goals
Project Focus
Applied spatial analysis model
Requires moderate GIS savvy
Customization:
I. Seasonal
II. Temporal
III. Unique
Modernize US Army Mylar Overlay Process
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ObjectivesKey Components:
Composite Cost Surfaces from Themes.
Standardized Classification.
Adaptable to any AOI.
Flexibility for Input and Output.
Cost Surfaces facilitate further spatial analysis (LCP/CD).
Cost Surfaces used to generate semantic data and hardcopy maps.
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Background
Military Geography Definitions
“The application of geographical principles and knowledge to the solution of military problems.” (Jackman 1962)
“It (Military Geography) links geography and the military science, and is a type of applied geography, employing the approaches, methods, techniques and concepts of the discipline to military affairs, places and regions.” (Palka 1995)
“Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) is the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth.” (US Army FM 3-24, 2006).
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Background
US Army Geospatial Terrain Analysis Development History
“In the 1980s the U.S. Military finally recognized the need for routine input of terrain analysis for staff planning. Each army division and Corps has an organic engineer terrain-analysis team assigned.” (Guth 1998)
“In 1972 the Defense Mapping Agency (now NGA) was formed from the Army, Navy and Air Force mapping and charting operations to consolidate map production and distribution for all branches of the military.” (Bacastow, Peuquet 1991)
Logos used for educational purposes only
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BackgroundUS Army Geospatial Terrain Analysis Development History
“In concept, the role of the Army’s topographic field units is to provide tailored support for the field decision maker through synthesis, transformation, update and quick emergency substitutes when DMA data are not available or insufficient.” (Bacastow, Peuquet 1991)
US Army Terrain Units
Unit Functions Include*:
Creating terrain analysis products to support military operations
Creating Tactical Decision Aides (TDAs) based on operational variables
Pulling existing data from appropriate sources, creating TDAs and pushing products to end users.
* CTIS Terrain Analysis Fact Sheet 2009
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Background
Humanitarian Assistance
Peacekeeping
Nation/Security Assistance
Noncombatant Evacuation
Disaster Relief
Support of Domestic Civil Authority
Counter-drug Operations
Arms Control
Combating TerrorismPalka 1995
US Army Corps of Engineers Assisting a Trapped Motorist.
For Educational Purpose only
Military Operations Other than War (MOOTW):
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Target UsersMilitary Users:
US Army Terrain Analysis Teams
Military Applications:
Combat Operations - Tactical Decision Aides (TDAs)
I. Spatial Analysis: Least Cost Paths and Cost Distances.
II. Semantic Data Generation: Avenues of Approach, No-Go Areas , Key Terrain, Barriers/Obstacles, Chokepoints.
Military operations other than war (MOOTW)
I. Spatial Analysis - Military Land Management, Environmental Impacts.
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Target UsersCivilian Users:
Academic and Private Users
Civilian Applications:
Search and Rescue Operations:
I. Spatial Analysis: Least Cost Paths and Cost Distances.
Land Management
I. Spatial Analysis - Public Land Management, Environmental Impacts, Suitability/Capability for Land Use, Off-Road Vehicle Impacts.
II. Generation of Semantic Map Data for Presentations
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Technical Approach
Evolution From Manual Process
Uses ESRI’s ModelBuilder
Based on FM 5-33 and NATO Reference Mobility Model II (NRMM) (Birkel 2003)
Model Development
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Technical Approach
NATO Reference Mobility Model II (NRMM)*:
Developed in the 1970’s
Collection of Mobility Sub-Models
Predicts Physically Constrained Terrain
Calculates General Rates of Movement
*(Birkel 2003)
Limitations:
Focus on Force Controlled Speed
Time Constraints not Ease/Difficulty of Mobility
Engineering Point of View
Not a GIS solution
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Technical ApproachUS Army Field Manual 5-33 Defines:
Traditional Mylar Overlay Process
Terrain Data Themes
Thematic Data Classification Scheme
Thematic Data Impact on Vehicle Movement
Inter-Theme Relationships
Analytical Approaches
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Area of Interest
Representative Area of Interest (~ 2000 Km2)
Southern Arizona
I. Horst and Graben (Basin and Range)
II. Desert Scrub, Riparian Zones, High Mountain Alpine Terrain
AOI for Proposed Model Development
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Data Resources
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Technical ApproachCreating Composite Cost Surfaces
Map Algebra
Smoothing Algorithm
Data Classification
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Objectives
Using GIS to Improve CCM Cost Data:
Prevent Bin Category “Stepped” Data Values
Provide Smoothed Cost Surfaces
Improve CCM Data Depiction
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Methodology
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Methodology
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LimitationsPossible Restrictions and Limitations
Pre-Model Data Preparation Required
I. Unique Data Aspects
II. Dataset Variance
III. Data Equivalency
Model Limited to Select Thematic Variables
Trial and Error approach Required
Requires Adaptive Optimization (Smoothing Algorithm, Order of Operations)
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Methodology
Anticipated Results
Composite CCM Cost Surfaces
Multi-Thematic Representation
Increased Level of Detail
Reproducible Results
Basis for Further Spatial Analysis (Least Cost Paths/Cost Distances)
Base Layer for Semantic Data Extraction and Depiction.
CCM Depiction for Spatio-Temporal Events