Apa itu pembangunan
Konsep generic -
pertumbuhan; kemajuan;
evolusi; dikaitkan dgn
modenisasi; industrilisasi;
perbandaran
P'bgnan sebagai satu usaha
yg dilakukan secara sedar
oleh negara, kerajaan
bersama rakyat utk tingkat
taraf hidup
Satu proses yg terjadi pd
tahap atau tingkat sistem
sosial (Rogers (1964)
Development is not purely an
economic phenomenon but
rather a multi-dimensional
process involving
reorganization and
reorientation of entire
economic AND social system
(Todaro)
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Apa itu pembangunan
World Bank views
development as "a
transformation of society, a
movement from traditional
relations, traditional ways of
thinking, traditional methods
of production, to more
modern ways".
Stiglitz (1999) argues that a
characteristic of traditional
societies is the acceptance of
the world as it is; the modern
perspective recognizes
change, it recognises that we,
as individuals and societies,
can take actions that, for
instance, reduce mortality,
increase life spans, and
increase productivity.
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Apa itu pembangunan
Development should, then,
be viewed as a multi-
dimensional process
involving major changes in
social structures, popular
attitudes and a national
condition of life from
unsatisfactory to satisfactory
(Servaes 1999:77)
In this regard, argues
Servaes (1999),
satisfactory means
materially well to do and
spiritually happy or content
with what one (or country
with reference to this study
unit) has got.
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Apa itu pembangunan
Dudley Seers argues that
development is about outcomes,
that is, development occurs with
the reduction and elimination of
poverty, inequality, and
unemployment within a growing
economy
Pembangunan membangkitkan
masyarakat di negara
membangun drp keadaan
miskin, tahap celik huruf yg
rendah, pengangguran yg
tinggi dam ketidakadilan sosial
kpd keadaan yg lebih baik
(termasuk sosial, ekonomi dan
politik) (Seers, 1969)
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Apa itu pembangunan
Kemajuan, pembangunan
dan pemodenan sebagai
satu yang sama -
peralihan drp masyarakat
tani kpd masyarakat
industri (Tehranian, 1979)
Pembangunan sebagai satu
pembebasan; memerdekakan
rakyat drp kongkongan
kebodohan/ kejahilan melalui
usaha menggerakkan komuniti
yg berada dilapisan bawahan
sehingga dapat menguasai
tindak tanduk mereka dlm
menentukan kehendak ( Freire,
1972)
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Apa itu objektif pembangunan
Ada 3 objektif utama pembangunan menurut Todaro:
Meningkatkan taraf kehidupan manusia – iaitu pendapatan,
kepenggunaan, makanan, perlindungan, kesihatan dan pendidikan selari dgn pertumbuhan
Mewujudkan suasana yang kondusif untuk perkembangan harga diri melalui pembentukan sistem sosial , politik dan ekonomi dan institusi yang menggalakkan maruah diri dan penghormatan
Meningkatkan kebebasan manusia membuat pilihan dengan melebarkan kepelbagaian parameter pilihan (seperti perkhidmatan pendidikan, rawatan
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United Nations
United Nations documents
emphasize “human
development,” measured by
life expectancy, adult
literacy, access to all three
levels of education, as well
as people’s average
income which is a
necessary condition of their
freedom of choice.
In a broader sense the notion of
human development
incorporates all aspects of
individuals’ well-being, from their
health status to their economic
and political freedom.
According to the Human
Development Report 1996,
published by the United Nations
Development Program, “human
development is the end—
economic growth a means”
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The Human Development Index
The Human Development
Index (HDI) is the
measure of life
expectancy, literacy,
education, and standard of
living for countries
worldwide.
HDI measures the average achievements
in a country in three basic dimensions of
human development:
A long and healthy life, as measured
by life expectancy at birth.
Knowledge and education, as
measured by the adult literacy rate
A decent standard of living, as
measured by the gross domestic
product (GDP) per capita at
purchasing power parity (PPP) in
USD.
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The Human Development Index
It is a standard means of
measuring well-being,
especially child welfare. It is
used to determine and indicate
whether a country is a
developed, developing, or
underdeveloped country and
also to measure the impact of
economic policies on quality of
life.
The Human Development
Index (HDI) is a summary
measure of average
achievement in key dimensions
of human development: a long
and healthy life, being
knowledgeable and have a
decent standard of living. The
HDI is the geometric mean of
normalized indices for each of
the three dimensions.
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Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)
The MDGs are the
eight international
development goals that were
established following the Millennium
Summit of the United Nations in
2000, following the adoption of
the United Nations Millennium
Declaration. All 189 United Nations
member states at the time (there
are 193 currently), and at least
23 international organizations,
committed to help achieve the
following Millennium Development
Goals by 2015:
The 8 goals are:
To eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary
education
To promote gender equality
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases
To ensure environmental
sustainability
To develop a global partnership
for development[
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OECD wellbeing index (2013)
Well-being
OECD (2013)
• Pendapatan
• Pekerjaan
• Perumahan
• Alam sekitar
• Pendidikan &
kemahiran
• Kesihatan
• Keselamatan personal
• Perhubungan sosial
• Keterlibatan sivik
• Keseimbangan
pekerjaan & kehidupan
• Kesejahteraan
subjektif
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Indikator pembangunan Malaysia
Petunjuk
pembangunan
negara dihitung
berasaskan
Indeks Kualiti
Hidup
Ia dikira mengikut
domain dan
indikator
tertertentu
1999 –
10 domain; 38 indikator
2002-
1 domain; 41 indikator
2004-
11 domain; 42 indikator
2011-
11 domain; 45 indikator
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1999 2002 2004 2011
10 domain 11 domain 11 domain 11 domain
Pendapatan &
Pengagihan,
Persekitaran Kerja
Pengangkutan &
Komunikasi,
Kesihatan
Pendidikan
Perumahan
Alam Sekitar
Kehidupan Keluarga
Penyertaan Sosial
Keselamatan Awam.
Pendapatan &
Pengagihan,
Persekitaran Kerja
Pengangkutan &
Komunikasi,
Kesihatan
Pendidikan
Perumahan
Alam Sekitar
Kehidupan Keluarga
Penyertaan Sosial
Keselamatan Awam
Kebudayaan &
Liburan
Pendapatan &
Pengagihan,
Persekitaran Kerja
Pengangkutan &
Komunikasi,
Kesihatan
Pendidikan
Perumahan
Alam Sekitar
Kehidupan Keluarga
Penyertaan Sosial
Keselamatan Awam
Kebudayaan &
Liburan
Pendidikan
Pengangkutan &
Komunikasi
Perumahan
Kebudayaan &
Liburan
Pendapatan &
Pengagihan
Keselamatan Awam
Kesihatan
Penyertaan Sosial
Alam Sekitar
Kehidupan Keluarga
Persekitaran Kerja
38 indikator 41 indikator 42 indikator 45 indikator
105.7 mata 108.34 mata 109.82 mata 111.9 mata
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Jenis pembangunan
Pembangunan ekonomi & ciri
Pembangunan sosial & ciri
Pembangunan politik & ciri
Pembangunan insan & ciri
Pembangunan lestari & ciri
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Pembangunan ekonomi
Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants.
From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development
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Ciri-ciri pembangunan ekonomi
Peningkatan dalam kadar KDNK
kenaikan dalam pendapatan perkapita
produktiviti juga meningkat bagi memenuhi permintaan
peningkatan dalam pelaburan berlaku - seperti pembinaan jalanraya dan lebuhraya, sekolah, terusan dan pengairan, klinik dan hospital, penyediaan kemudahan bekalan air dan elektrik, komunikasi, pembukaan pusat kediaman dan bandar baru yang mana dalam jangka panjang dapat menyumbangkan pula kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Contoh lain - pembinaan jalanraya , sekolah, hospital
simpanan atau tabungan meningkat (oleh individu, agensi kerajaan, kerajaan/negara)
Pembangunan ekonomi adalah merupakan sumber kepada pelaburan pembangunan sosial melalui mana peruntukan (modal) dan belanjawan pengurusan dapat disediakan
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Pembangunan sosial & ciri
Istillah pembangunan
sosial itu merujuk
kepada perubahan
kualitatif dalam struktur
dan kefungsian
masyarakat yang
membantu mereka
memahami matlamat
dan objektif
pembangunan itu.
Sering dikaitkan dengan
penyediaan kemudahan awam
atau infrastruktur sosial
(Kemudahan ini tidak mampu
disediakan oleh rakyat) oleh
pemerintah dan dimanfaatkan pula
oleh rakyat yang tinggal di desa,
bandar, mukim,
• Antaranya ialah penyediaan
kemudahan seperti sekolah,
hospital dan klinik, kediaman, balai
polis dan bomba, jalan raya,
jambatan, telefon, bekalan air dan
elektrik serta balai raya.
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Pembangunan sosial
Kemudahan sosial memberikan
perkhidmatan tertentu iaitu
pendidikan, kesihatan,
perlindungan, keselamatan,
perhubungan, komunikasi,
kelengkapan moden dan pusat
perkumpulan komuniti.
Jika dimanfaatkan dengan bijak
kemudahn sosial dapat
memberi faedah kepada
komuniti sehingga mengizinkan
perubahan sosial berlaku.
Tujuan:
meningkatan mutu penyediaan
perkhidmatan sosial
meningkatkan pula kualiti hidup
komuniti & meningkatkan
kesejahteraan hidup
Meningkatnya kesejahteraan
membolehkan komunti berusaha
dan bekerja dengan lebih giat
bagi menyumbang kepada
peningkatan produktiviti akhirnya
menyumbang pula kepada
ekonomi negara.
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Sustainable development
Development is sustainable if it
“meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs.”
It is usually understood that this
“intergenerational” justice would be
impossible to achieve in the absence
of present-day social justice, if the
economic activities of some groups of
people continue to jeopardize the
well-being of people belonging to
other groups or living in other parts of
the world (United Nations World
Commission on Environment and
Development in 1987)
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Apakah tujuan pembangunan?
Tingkat taraf hidup
Tingkat kualiti hidup
Kesejahteraan hidup
Basmi kemiskinan & pengagihan
Wujudkan keadilan sosial
Perubahan sosial
Tradisi -> moden
Tingkat produktiviti
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Kesimpulan mengenai
pembangunan:
“Development in the new perspective has been referred
to as an overall process of transforming men and societies leading to a social order in which every human being can achieve moral and material well being” (FAO)
“Development has also been referred to as a whole, integrated, value-loaded cultural process encompassing the natural environment, social relations, education, production, consumption and well being” (Dag Hammarskjold Report, 1975)
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