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BGES‐Warm‐up Package 2011
Laparoscopic CholecystectomyBy Valerio Lucidi (ULB) & Benoit Navez (UCL)
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Warm‐up : 3 & 4• Cholecystectomy by laparoscopic approach• Technical tricks…• Preoperative work‐up• Peroperative cholangiography• Management of CBD stone• How to prevent BTI• Acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis,…• Electrosurgery, Appendectomy, Inguinal repair, ventral repair, Reflux
surgery, gastric ulcer,Emergencies…
Starters Package : 5 & 6• How to manage a biliary tract injury…• Liver, pancreatic,Bariatric surgery, Colic,vascular surgery
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Laparoscopic CholecystectomyHow many did you perform (first hand)?
1. O
2. 1 ‐ 5
3. 6 ‐ 10
4. 11 – 20
5. > 20
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Open CholecystectomyHow many did you perform (first hand)?
1. O
2. 1 ‐ 5
3. 6 ‐ 10
4. 11 – 20
5. > 20
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Cholecystectomy: What indications ?
1. YES
2. NO
All patients with lithiasis have to be operated becausethey will become symptomatic
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Cholecystectomy: What indications ?
NO !!!NO !!!
All patients with lithiasis have to be operated becausethey will become symptomatic
• 80% will remain asymptomatic all life long
• Annual incidence of « biliary pain » or complication = 1‐2%
in 20 year evolution: 20% of pain & 5% complications
• Systematic cholecystectomy = Morbidity + Mortality + Price
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Lithiasis: What natural evolution?
Vesicular Lithiasis (M=8% F=17%)
Asymptomatic 80%
Cystic ductObstructio
n
CBD Obstructio
n
Biliary pain
Acute cholecystitisChronic
cholecystitis
Obstructive jaundice
Angiocholitis
Pancreatitis
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What means «Symptomatic» ? Biliary pain:
• Begins fast: gets to max intensity in <1h
• 70% epigastric & 25% RUQ pain
• Often irradiates: right scapula, schoulder, back
• Often post‐prandial
• Lasts 15min to many hours usually <5h
• Agitation & Search for antalgic position
• Nausea & Vomiting in 2/3 pts
• Stops progressively (but sometimes rapidly)
…… Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis, Angiocholitis, CBDS
Cholecystectomy: What indications ?
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Differential Diagnosis
• Gastric or Duodenal Ulcer Perforation
• Acute pancreatitis
• Myocardial Infarction
• Right inferior acute pneumonia
• Acute appendicitis
• Fitz‐Hugh Curtis Syndrome (Chlamidia Trachomatis or gonococcus)
• …
Cholecystectomy: What indications ?
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Laparoscopy is the golden standard… Laparotomy for difficult cases …
Cholecystectomy: What Approach?
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• Gallbladder Carcinoma
• Septic shock (e.g. cholangitis)
• Severe acute pancreatitis
SAGES guidelinesSurg Endosc 2000, 14:771‐772
Absolute CI
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What contraindications ?
• Cirrhosis with portal hypertension
• Coagulopathy
• (Pregnancy )
• Severe cardiorespiratory insufficiency
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• Know ANATOMY & all possible variations!!!
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to know before starting ?
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Calot triangle
JF.Gigot & B.Navez: Chirurgie des Voies Biliaires; Ed Masson 2005
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JF.Gigot & B.Navez: Chirurgie des Voies Biliaires; Ed Masson 2005
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Liver arteries
JF.Gigot & B.Navez: Chirurgie des Voies Biliaires; Ed Masson 2005
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: …START …
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5
5
1111
S
A
TVLaparoscopic
Cholecystectomy
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Trocar positioning
How many? 4 …3 …2 …1
Courtesy of B.Navez
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Obese patient
5
5
11
11 6‐10 cm
5
5
11
11.5
Optional(rare)
Difficult cases
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Trocar positioning
Courtesy of B.Navez
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• Begin with an anatomical dissection and exposure of Calot triangle
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Where to beginn the dissection?
Only 2 structures have to be isolated. If more = problem!JF.Gigot & B.Navez: Chirurgie des Voies Biliaires; Ed Masson 2005
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Exposure of Calot's triangle
• Lateral and inferior retraction ofHartman's pouch
• Lifting up liver or pulling downduodenum with retractor
• Optional : round ligament traction
Courtesy of B.Navez & JF.Gigot
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Go on with the dissection…
• Open posterior peritonealsheet as far as possible up to the gallbladder
• Open anterior peritoneal sheet
• Stay always close to the gallbladder…
• Be careful with electrocauteryuse … to avoid thermal injury
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Calot dissected: STOP & Think !
NO clip NEITHER cutting before perfect identification !!!
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Need for Cholangiography?
When do you do a IOC?
1. Never
2. Always
3. Only when doubt
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: IOC = prevention of BDI?
JF.Gigot & B.Navez: Chirurgie des Voies Biliaires; Ed Masson 2005
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Flum DR JAMA 2003;289:1639
01-92 12-99 USA• 1.570.361 Chol/L
– BDI with IOC (0.39%)
– BDI without IOC (0.58%)• Statistically significant• Relative risk 1.49 (1.71)
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Flum DR JAMA 2003;290:2173
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The most common mechanism of BDI is confusion between CD & CBD
IOC (and diagnosing BDI) will prevent worsening of a lateral injury to a complete transsection or excision
ifif
nono
IOCIOC
«« classicclassic injuryinjury »» : 43 %: 43 %
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Need for Cholangiography?
Courtesy of B.Navez & JF.Gigot
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• IOC offers opportunity to prevent error ...• Helps to lower the gravity of BDI• Diagnoses CBDS!• … Medico-legal help in case of trouble
• Risk of IOC ?– 1 case anaphylactoid reaction after IOC
(Moskovitch, Surg Endosc, 2001)– Systemic shock after non-vascular iodure injection is very rare
– NB: need to know biliary anatomy to read a Cholangiogram!!
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Need for Cholangiography?
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• Irrigate and aspirate operative field
• Control hemostasis
• Drain? • Only if bleeding or biliary “trouble”• Always in case of ANY doubt!!!• Removed on postoperative day 1 or 2 (…if no
bile!)
• Trocars removal on view control• Closure of scars (10 mm)
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: The End … of procedure
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Risks factors for Bile Duct Injury
• Learning curve
• Thermal injury because of faulty instruments
• Disease severity
• Difficult or rare anatomy
• Chronic inflammation, dense scarring, fat in portal area
• Peroperative bleeding
• No IOC …Callery, Surg Endosc, 2006
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« No surgeon is immunefrom the risk of bile duct
injury, and no case issimply routine »
B.J. Caroll, Surg Endosc 1998, 12, 310-314
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Calot’s triangle
dissection
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Clipping
I.O.C.
Gallbladder bed
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Endocysticstones
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WIDECYSTIC DUCT
Runningsuture
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ENDOLOOP CYSTIC DUCT
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Accessory bile duct
Accessory bile duct
Incidence : 0.5 ‐ 4.6 %
Postop leakage : 0.15 %
Luschkaduct
B NAVEZ ‐ JF GIGOT
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Dangerousvascularanatomy
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Large cystic arteryor
Right hepatic artery ?
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Dangerousbiliaryanatomy
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DangerousChronic
cholecystitis
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During your
first 100 LC ,select
«« easyeasy »» cases cases !!!
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CONVERSION TO LAPAROTOMY….. is often the safest option !
in in «« difficultdifficult »» cases (acute or cases (acute or chronicchronic inflammation)inflammation)‐‐ whenwhen poorpoor visualizationvisualization or or exposureexposure‐‐ whenwhen severesevere inflammation obscures the inflammation obscures the anatomyanatomy within within CalotCalot triangletriangle‐‐ whenwhen the the anatomyanatomy isis confusingconfusing‐‐ whenwhen excessive excessive bleedingbleeding or use of or use of electrocauteryelectrocautery
if if questionablequestionable bile bile ductduct injuryinjury‐ on IOC‐ continuous and unexplained leakage of bile during operation‐ on surgical dissection
Not a Not a failurefailure, but the , but the signsign of a of a soundsound surgicalsurgical judgementjudgement ! !
B NAVEZ ‐ JF GIGOT
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Patient Selection for SPAS Cholecystectomy
Ideal “Early Experience” Patient
• BMI < 30
• No prior surgery and no significant co‐morbidities
• Biliary colics only, no cholecystitis
• Elective surgery
• No choledocholithiasis
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• Reduced postoperative pain ,pain , Decreased use of narcoticsnarcotics
• Lower morbiditymorbidity
• Faster recoveryrecovery time (i.e. earlier return to normal work)
• Possible lower costcost due to shorter hospital stay
• Cosmetic, PsychologicalCosmetic, Psychological
• Fewer wound complicationswound complications
• Reduced trocars equals less site herniationherniation and infection
• Ability to rapidly convert rapidly convert SILS to conventional laparoscopic procedure
SPAS Potential Benefits**Proposed & Theoretical – Not Clinical Proven
ONLY HYP
OTHES
ES
ONLY HYP
OTHES
ES
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Cosmetic benefit ?
??
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Single Port Surgery : Risks & Challenges
?
– Increased wound complications & incisional hernia
– Increased perioperative morbidity
– Triangulation/Crossing/Clashing of Instruments
– Need of New Instrumentation (multi‐lumen ports,
articulating/flexible instrumentation)
– Altered Ergonomics
– Prolonged operative time
– Learning Curve Issues
– Theatre staff education
– Additional cost
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What is the Single Port Technique?
240 €
300 €
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• Common Bile Duct Stones (CBDS)
• Acute Cholecystitis
• Cirrhosis
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What attitude in special situations
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Pre-operative diagnosis of CBDS:
1. Laparoscopic cholecyst + CBD-exploration ?
2. MRCP and early LC ?
3. MRCP + ERCP followed by early LC ?
4. early LC followed by post-op ERCP ?
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to do in case of CBDS?
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Prevalence of CBDS = 12% (5-20%)
• Biology (Bilirubin & AlkP) or diam CBD
• Se<70% Sp<50%
• US: Se<60%
• MRCP & IOC: Se=85% Sp=91%
• EUS: Se=92% Sp=100%
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to do in case of CBDS?
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Médico‐surgicalManagement …Risk BT stone preop
YES
ERCP + SE
NOCholécystectomy
+ IOC
Cholécystectomy+ IOC
No stone BT stone(s)
BT < 8 mm ERCP postop
Perop?Transcystic KT
BT > 8 mmTranscystic removal
Failure : ERCP(KT TC)
SpontaneousElimination!
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Per-operative diagnosis of CBDS:
1. Laparoscopic cholecyst + CBD-exploration ?
2. Leave CBDS & post-op ERCP ?
3. Depends on size of CBD ?
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to do in case of CBDS?
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Remaining formal indications of surgical approach in CBDS
• Failures of ERCP/ES
• History of Roux‐en‐Y gastrectomy / bypass
• Mirizzi Syndrome
• (rare) indications of choledoco‐
duodenostomy or choledoco‐jejunostomy
• …
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Limiting Factors for Successful Lap CBDE
• Learning curve in CBDE : handling scopes, suturing …
• Severe inflammatory process
• Previous upper GI tract surgery (gastrectomy
…)
• Intra‐hepatic stones / multiple CBD stones (>
5)
• Impacted (papillary) stones
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Peroperative Detection of CBDS
• Intra‐Operative Cholangiography (IOC)
• Flexible Choledocoscopy
‐ Detection of 95 % CBDS
‐ Biliary anomaly
‐ Bile Duct Injury
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OPERATIVE STRATEGY
Intraoperative Cholangiography
Stones : number, size, locationCystic duct : diameter , implantationCBD : diameter , inflammation
Transcystic approach Choledocotomy
Conversion to open surgeryPostop ES
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Instrumentation
Stone extraction : under endoscopic/fluoroscopic control
* Dormia basket * Forceps (soft
, atraumatic)
* Fogarty balloon * Flush
Clearance assessment
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Transcystic Approach
Indications
‐ Stones : * small size* limited number
<= 5* below cystic duct‐
CBD junction
‐ Cystic duct : short , dilatedand right implantation
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Transcystic Approach
RecommendationsRecommendations
‐ Avoid dilatation of cystic duct (rupture !)‐ Use Dormia basket with flexible tip‐When obstructive valves , avoid repeated
instrumentation‐ Stone extraction under fluoroscopic or choledocoscopic
control ‐ Stone clearance assessment at the end of the procedure :
* IOC* Choledocoscopy (upper biliary tract in only 15 %)
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Choledocotomy
Indications
‐ Stones : * large size* multiple
‐ Cystic duct : * non dilated* low implantation
‐ Common Bile Duct* diameter > 7 mm
> 7 mm
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Male patient 46 yrs
• residual CBD stone after ERCP/ES
• choledocotomy, stone extraction, cholecystectomy
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Choledocotomy
CBD suture CBD suture
Primary suture
Biliary drainage
T‐Tube Transcysticdrain
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Technical skills for LCBDE
• stone retrieval
• handling cholangioscopes/ Dormia
• knotting and suturing CBD
Limiting Factors for Successful Lap CBDE
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Biliary Drainage
•• No No biliarybiliary drain drain : subhepatic silicone drain (2 days)
•• BiliaryBiliary draindrain : removal after 21 days
Advantages Drawbacks* Decompression of the * Increased morbidity :
biliary tract ‐ drain pulled out or ruptured
* Cholangiographic control ‐ cholangitis , wound infection
‐ biliary fistula after removal
* Longer hospital stay
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Laparoscopic management of CBDS : advantage of a single-stage treatment.
Successful in 90- 95 % of cases
Low morbidity rate (< 10 %)
Impacted stones are the main causes of failure
Specific indications for transcystic way and choledocotomy
Choledochoscopy and IOC after stone extraction lower the
rate of residual stones
Requires expertise and material (choledocoscope)
CONCLUSION
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BILIARY PANCREATITIS
• All patients require imaging of the bile duct (MRCP or EUS)
• ES (or duct drainage by stenting) – if cholangitis (RcGr A)
– If jaundice or dilated CBD
– If severe pancreatitis
• Timing of Lap Cholecystectomy (LC) with I.O.C.– Mild pancreatitis : LC preferable during the same admission
(should not be delayed more than 2 weeks after discharge)
– Severe pancreatitis : LC when signs of lung injury and systemicdisturbance have resolved
Rc Gr B and C
UK guidelines (Gut 2005;54:1‐9) E.A.E.S. recommendations (EAES congress Venice 2005)
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Woodfield, Surg End, 2004
• 18.280 lap chol
• Gallbladder perforation : 18.3%
• Gallstone spillage : 7.3%
• Risk of complication : 7%
So Complications due to spilt stone: 2 / 1000 P
Risk of complication if I lose a stone…
Do not loose stones in the abdomen!
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Acute Cholecystitis (AC)Definition & Pathophysiology
• Acute inflammatory disease of the gallbladder usuallyattribuable to gallstones,
– Physical obstruction of the gallbladder by a gallstone, at the neck or in the cystic duct
– Increased pressure in the gallbladder– Bile stasis– Thickening of bile– Initially non‐infectious inflammation– 2ary bacterial infection of bile– Inflammation of gallbladder’s wall …
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• Clinical symptoms of AC– Abdominal pain (RUQ) + Nausea + Vomitng + Fever
• Blood tests– NO specific blood test for AC!
– WBC + CRP + LFT’s + Amylase + BUN Creat + PT
• Diagnostic imaging– Enlarged gallbladder > 50mm
– thickened GB wall > 4mm
– GB stones
– US‐Murphy’s sign (specificity >90%)
Diagnosis of AC
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Acute Cholecystitis Imaging:Standard method = US
Clinical setting
PPV 95%
NPV 98%
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Acute Cholecystitis Imaging:CT or MRI + MRCP
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Acute Cholecystitis (AC)What do you do?
1. Medical treatment first & LC after 6 weeks?
2. Urgent LC < 48h
3. Urgent LC < 4 days
4. Urgent LC < 1 week
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Recurrence of AC afterconservative treatment
• Recurrence waiting for cholecystectomy– 2,5% ‐ 22%
• 6% with gallbladder perforation!
• Long‐term recurrence– 10% ‐ 50% > 6 month
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Acute Cholecystitis (AC)When do you operate?
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Siddiqui T et al. Am J Surg 2008;195(1):40‐47
Early vs Delayed LapChole for AC: Operative time
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Siddiqui T et al. Am J Surg 2008;195(1):40‐47
Early vs Delayed LapChole for AC: Conversion rates
44/192 (22.9%) 45/176 (25.6%)
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Early vs Delayed LapChole for AC: Complication rates
Siddiqui T et al. Am J Surg 2008;195(1):40‐47
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Gurusamy K et al. Br J Surg 2010;97:141‐50
0,5 %
1,4 %
Early vs Delayed LapChole for AC: Bile Duct Injury rates
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Bile Duct Injury: Risk Factors
1. Patient :1. Obesity 12. Previous surgery3. Cirrhosis 24. Severe Portal hypertension
2. Anatomical:1. Cystic duct2. Biliary hilar confluence3. Aberrant bilary duct, Luschka
3. Local Conditions: 1. Inflammation … x 2 !!
4. Surgeons Experience (+/‐)
Navez B 2011 in press
Authors Period Patients type of Authors Period Patients type of clinical clinical BDI rateBDI rateprocedure presentationprocedure presentation
VereeckenVereecken 1992 3244 LC all t1992 3244 LC all type 0.50 %ype 0.50 %
GigotGigot < 1997 9959 LC < 1997 9959 LC all type 0.50 %all type 0.50 %
VandesandeVandesande 1997 10.595 LC all ty1997 10.595 LC all typepe 0.37 %0.37 %
11.628 11.628 all type all type 0.58 %all type all type 0.58 %
VandesandeVandesande 2000 14.715 LC all t2000 14.715 LC all typeype 0.31 %0.31 %
16.915 16.915 all type all type 0.54 %all type all type 0.54 %
Navez Navez 2011 1089 LC 2011 1089 LC acute acute cholecystitischolecystitis 1,2 %1,2 %
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Siddiqui T et al. Am J Surg 2008;195(1):40‐47
Early vs Delayed LapChole for AC: Length Hospital stay
7.6 (4 – 21 days) 11.6 (5 – 24 days)
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ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS Laparoscopic Surgery early vs delayed
Randomised Trials Summary
• Total LOS shorter in early operation
• No Difference
‐ conversion
‐ morbidity
‐ bile duct damage (Bile leak rate higher in early)
• Operative Time longer in early operation
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AC Management: The reality
David G et al. Br J Surg 2008;95:472‐76
14,6%
National English database: 25743 pts admitted for AC in 2003‐2004
4,7%
44%
Conversion=11%
30%
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Acute Cholecystitis (AC)When do you operate?
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ACUTE VERSUS DELAYED SURGERY Laparoscopic Surgery
Randomised Trials• Lo et al Annals of Surgery 1998
‐ 86 patients‐ early < 72 hours post admission
• Lai et al British Journal of Surgery 1998‐ 99 patients‐ early < 1 week symptoms
• Johansson et al Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2003‐ 133 patients‐ surgery < 1 week symptoms‐ surgery ≤ 48 hours randomisation
• Kolla et al Surgery Endoscopic 2004‐ 40 patients‐ surgery ≤ 48 hours randomisation
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Navez B et al. World J Surg 2001;25:1352‐56
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ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Gangrenous Cholecystitis
• Higher conversion rate
• 50 – 80% still successful LC
• Worth attempting but convert early if no progress
• Early decision for open conversion – does NOT represent failure
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Surgical Endoscopy 2010
39/552 pt (7%)Indication:•Severe acute or chronic inflammation•Coexistent Anomalous Right Hepatic Duct•Mirizzi syndromePurpose:•Prevent risk of BDI
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EDEMAHYPERHEMIA
INDURATIONHYPERVASCULARITYABSCESSNECROSIS
Early stage of AC< 4 days
Later
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Acute Cholecystitis : technical tricks
• Suspension of round ligament
• Gallbladder decompression
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• Extraction in a protective bag
• Routine drainage
Postop bile leaks : up to 2 %
• BDI
• Cystic duct
• Luschka duct
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SEVERE CHOLECYSTITISSEVERE CHOLECYSTITIS
1)1) ENDOVESICULAR APPROACHENDOVESICULAR APPROACHincise the incise the anterioranterior part of the part of the gallbladdergallbladder fromfrom the fundus to the infundibulum and the fundus to the infundibulum and approachapproach the the cysticcystic ductduct fromfrom insideinside
«« the the insideinside approachapproach of the of the gallbladdergallbladder »»
!!! DO NOT DISSECT THE CALOT TRIANGLE !!!!!! DO NOT DISSECT THE CALOT TRIANGLE !!!
•• allowallow easyeasy determinationdetermination of the of the preciseprecise limitslimits of the of the
gallbladdergallbladder infundibulum infundibulum wallwall bothboth fromfrom insideinside and and outsideoutside !!!!!!
•• staystay close to the close to the gallbladdergallbladder wallwall for dissection !!!for dissection !!!
•• use use gentlegentle, , bluntblunt dissection (dissection (peanutpeanut swabswab))
•• evacuateevacuate gallbladdergallbladder content content intointo an an endobagendobag
•• difficultdifficult if if gallbladdergallbladder isis full of stonesfull of stones
Dangerous area
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drawbacksdrawbacks
1) Biliary leak from unsecured
remnant
2) Recurrence of biliary symptoms
(retained calculi) redo LC
ResidualResidual HartmanHartman pouchpouch
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2) Subtotal 2) Subtotal cholecystectomycholecystectomy
leaveleave a a piecepiece of of gallbladdergallbladder wallwall→→ on the on the Calot triangleCalot triangle→→ on the R. on the R. sideside of the of the hilumhilum / RHD/ RHD→→ on the on the gallbladdergallbladder bedbed
to to protectprotect CBD or CBD or anomalousanomalous right right hepatichepatic ductduct
SEVERE CHOLECYSTITISSEVERE CHOLECYSTITIS
BickelBickel J J LaparoendoscLaparoendosc SurgSurg 1993 ; 3 : 3651993 ; 3 : 365‐‐367367ChowbeyChowbey J Lap J Lap AdvAdv SurgSurg Tech 2000 ; 10 : 31Tech 2000 ; 10 : 31‐‐3434BeldiBeldi SurgSurg EndoscEndosc 2003 ; 17 : 14372003 ; 17 : 1437‐‐14391439
* * searchsearch the the cysticcystic ductduct fromfrom insideinside
* * cannulatecannulate the the cysticcystic ductduct for IOC for IOC withwith a a balloonballoon cathetercatheter
* close the * close the cysticcystic ductduct fromfrom insideinside by by suturingsuturing techniquestechniques
* destroy * destroy residualresidual GB GB mucosamucosa withwith Argon Argon BeamBeam CoagulatorCoagulator
* use routine * use routine subhepaticsubhepatic drainagedrainage
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« The two mostdecisionsin laparoscopic surgeryare knowing‐ when not to use it‐ when to stop the
procedure »15 %
J.G. Hunter
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• AC serious illness (Mortality 0,5 – 10%)
• AC has to be treated surgically
• Laparoscopic approach: OK
– Accept higher conversion rate
• Early cholecystectomy (better ≤ 4 days)
– Shorter total LOS
– Longer operative time
– Same morbidity
• Same principels of Surgical technique
– In Selected cases consider subtotal or inside approach
• In seriously ill patients consider percutaneous cholecystostomy
Acute Cholecystitis Management:Conclusions
Acute Cholecystitis Management:Conclusions
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Mild(Gr I)
Moderate(Gr II)
Severe(Gr III)
severity assessment
early LCurgent/earlyGB drainage
urgent/earlycholecystectomy
observation early/electivecholecystectomy
observation
medical treatment organ support
= response
Grade I (mild)• Not Gr II & IIIGrade II (moderate)• WBC > 18000• tender RUQ mass• >72 hrs• local “inflammation”Grade III (severe)• systemic organ failure
Acute Cholecystitis ManagementAcute Cholecystitis Management
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Cholecystectomy & CIRRHOSIS?The surgical riskAranha. Am J Surg 1982Cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients: A formidable operation• Open Cholecystectomy and CBD exploration in
decompensated cirrhotic patients: 25% mortality
Schwartz. Surgery 1981Biliary tract surgery and cirrhosis: A critical combination57% massive bleeding15% mortality
Open cholecystectomy :Morbidity: 5 to 25%Mortality: 7 to 20% (Palanivelu JACS 2006)
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Cholecystectomy in Cirrhotic patients:
Can be more challenging …
Abdominal wall collaterals
Ascitis
Adhesions and neovascularity
Difficulty to retract the liver
Exposure of the Callot Triangle
Bleeding from the liver bed
High risk hilum (cavernoma)
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A metaanalysis of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in
patients with cirrhosis. Puggioni J Am Coll Surg 2003
25 pub, 344 patients: 265 Child A, 73 B, 6 C (vs 3128 non cirrhotics)
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy & CIRRHOSIS?The surgical risk
Puggioni J Am Coll Surg 2003
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LC is safe for Child A&B patientsAs compared with OC, LC: blood loss, shorter hospital stay
Puggioni J Am Coll Surg 2003
Cholecystectomy & CIRRHOSIS?The surgical risk: Lap vs Open
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Indications & Preoperative managementTo avoid unnecessary surgery strict selectionAlways keep in mind the possibility of further LTCalculation of the Child and MELD scoresPreoperative correction of the coagulopathy (FFP, Platelets)(Plt if <50.000/mm3, FFP if PTT<50%)
Technical tricksPay attention to periumbilical varices (infraumbilical, open)Transilumination of the abdominal wall to identify major collateralsPlacement of the subxiphoid port to the right of the midline to avoid umbilical vein in the falciform ligamentAvoid traction on gallbladder (avulsion of the GB from liver bed)Always privilege the safety: po cholangiography, hemostatic agents, drain
Cholecystectomy & CIRRHOSIS?Reasonable recommendations
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Laparocopic CholecystectmyTake home message
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Ways to extract CBDS:
1. Trans-cystic
2. Choledocotomy
• « Milking » of CBD & CD
• Fogarty
• Dormia Basket
• Cholangioscopy
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to do in case of CBDS?
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Ways to extract CBDS: Trans-cystic
1. Trans-cystic route IF:
• small stones
• Cystic Duct implantation is direct & short
2. Complications of trans-cystic route:
• Rupture of CD
• Posterior perforation of CBD by Dormia
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to do in case of CBDS?
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Ways to extract CBDS: Choledocotomy
1. Choledocotomy route IF:
• No local inflammation
• Dilated CBD > 8mm
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What to do in case of CBDS?