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Laura Rawlings &
Luz Rodriguez
Social Safety Net Core Course
May 7th, 2018
Social protection
payments delivery
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Objectives of a
Payment System
• Successfully distribute
the correct amount of benefits
to the right people
at the right time and frequency
while minimizing costs to
both the program and the beneficiary
• Facilitate financial inclusion
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Payments are quickly evolving from manual to
digital
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Who is manual and who is digital?COUNTRY PROGRAM # BENEF. PAYMENT METHOD PAYMENT SERVICE PROVIDER FREQUENCY OF
PAYMENT
BANGLADESH EGPP 1.4 M MANUAL - CASH Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
16
NEPAL Seniors Citizens Allowance 922 K MANUAL - CASH Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
3
ROMANIA Universal Child Allowance 2.1 M MANUAL - CASH Post Office 12
1.6 M DIGITAL Commercial Bank
TURKEY Sartli Egitim Yardimi 1.9 M DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD Post Office 6
ETHIOPIA PSSN Urban 5.5 M DIGITAL Commercial Bank 12
2.4 M DIGITAL- MOBILE PAYMENT
M-Bir and Hello Cash
PSSN Rural 600 K DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD Commercial Bank
DOMINICAN REP. PROSOLI 756 K DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD Commercial Banks Consortium 4
HONDURAS Bono Vida Mejor 240 K MANUAL - CASH State Bank – Banadesa 3
PERU Juntos 1.7 M DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD State Bank-Banco de la Nacion 6
MEXICO PROSPERA 1.2 M DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD State Bank - Bansefi 6
4.9 M DIGITAL – CARD WITH CHIP (BIOMETRIC)
State Bank – Bansefi and agents network (Diconsa)
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Who is manual and who is digital?
COUNTRY PROGRAM # BENEF. PAYMENT METHOD PAYMENT SERVICE PROVIDER FREQUENCY OF PAYMENT
JAMAICA PATH 375 k MANUAL - CHEQUE State Bank 6
DIGITAL-PREPAID CARD State Bank
MANUAL - CASH Remittance agent
INDIA MREGA 111 M DIGITAL-E-VOUCHER Post Office Every 14 days (for a period of up to
100 days)DIGITAL- SMART CARD Commercial Bank
SRI LANKA SAMURDHI 1.5 M MANUAL- VOUCHER State Bank 12
PAKISTAN BISP 1.7 M DIGITAL- DEBIT CARD 6 Commercial Banks 4
3.1 M DIGITAL – BIOMETRIC VERIFICATION SYSTEM
6 Commercial Banks
72 k MANUAL- MONEY ORDER Post Office
KENYA CT for Orphans and Vulnerable Children
1 M DIGITAL-PREPAID CARD 2 Commercial Banks 6
BRAZIL Bolsa Familia 13 M DIGITAL-PREPAID CARD State Bank
Source: WBG Social Protection Payments inventory (2018) (forthcoming)
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Who are the actors currently involved in SP
payments delivery
Actors Payment service
providers
Payments
instruments
Channels
• Social
protection
ministry
• Implementing
agency
• Funders
• Beneficiaries
• Payments
service
providers
• Regulators
• Post Offices
• Micro finance
institutions
• Savings and credit
Unions
• NGOs
• Commercial banks
• Public (state) banks
• Mobile network
operators
• Cash
• Cheques/Vouchers
• Bank accounts
• Cards
• Debit
• Pre-paid
• Smart cards
• E-wallets
ATMs
POS
Mobile phones
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PAYMENT
INSTRUMENTADVANTAGES
NEEDS ON FINANCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
NEEDS OF INSTITUTIONAL
CAPACITY
DEBIT CARDS
Real-time payments, Face to face ,
online and remote transactions;
recurring bill payments
ATM and EFT POS networks.
Credit bureaus.
Rules and standards for inter-
operability, dispute resolution and
consumer protection
Centralized account
management.
Access to ATM and POS
networks.
PRE-PAID CARDS
Real-time payments, Face to face ,
online and remote transactions;
recurring bill payments;
ATM and EFT POS networks.
Rules and standards for inter-
operability, dispute resolution and
consumer protection
Access to ATM and POS
networks.
Real-time transaction
authorization and monitoring
systems
SMART CARDSReal-time payments, Face to face,
online and remote transactions;
POS and agent network
Centralized account
management.
Access to POS networks
Real-time transaction
authorization and monitoring
systems
E-WALLETS
Real-time payments, Person to
person including cross border
remittances, utility bill payment,
micro-payments and purchase
transaction capability
Enabling legal framework.
Merchant / Agent network
Linkages with existing inter-bank
and payment card networks.
Interface mobile payment
infrastructure with banking
accounts (savings or credit) or
create a prepaid product.
Ability to service far-flung
merchant/agent network
7
Main requirements of payment instruments
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8
Standard SP payments delivery process
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Associated Costs
9
Indicative benchmarks on Payments
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Financial environment: Characteristics of Payment Service Providers
(PSPs)
10Source: ISPA Payments tool, 2017
Mobile network oper.
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Financial environment: Policy, Legislation and regulation
11
• Financial sector regulation
• G2P policies
• Financial inclusion
• Procurement and contracting
• Know Your Customer rules
• E-money regulations
• Basic Bank account
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Other enabling factors
12
• ID system
– Uniqueness
– KYC
– Aunthentication
• Mobile Network Coverage
• Flow of funds on other SP programs
• Social Registries and Integrated SP Information Systems
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Girl’s Education , Women’s Empowerment
and Livelihoods (GEWEL) Project in
Zambia
Multi-Service Provider Payments of the SWL
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AGENDA
1. A bit about Payments2. A bit about G2P Payments3. A bit about Zambia4. Some background on Zambia SCT G2P5. Why SWL Payments needed to be different6. The Payment Options and Why7. How it Works8. How has it gone so far
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A bit about Payments …
Split into two (2) broad categories:
1) PUSH Payments 2) PULL Payments
The sender is paying (pushing) money to you via a payment system
• Your salary paid via EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) • An international payment via SWIFT• A payment from a friend via PayPal• A mobile payment from one person to you using
M-PESA
A merchant or agent, with your permission, does an “authorization” (pull) for the money from your financial institution
• You swipe your VISA card at McDonalds• You go to an ATM to draw some cash• You go to an M-PESA agent to draw funds from
a mobile wallet
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A bit about Payments … and cash transfers
Cash transfers are one type of Government to Person (G2P) payments
1) Cash = PUSH Payments 2) PULL Payments = Electronic
But: not all push payments are cash (per the previous example, CT could be push into an account
A fairly common CT pull payment method is when paying using with “Pre-paid VISA cards”
Increasingly G2P payments are being made via Mobile Money Transfer (MMT)
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A bit about Zambia …
• Lower-middle-income country in Southern Africa with 16.7 million people
• With 21 people per square kilometer, it is among the least densely populated countries, well below Africa’s average of 39
• The majority of G2P participants live in remote and rural areas, with only two main areas – the capital, Lusaka, and Copperbelt province – having dense urbanization
• The vast majority of people (75 percent) in the rural areas live in poverty (compared to 23 percent in the urban areas)
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A bit about Zambia and payments …
• Access to formal financial services remains low (38 percent of adults)
• Between 2015 and 2016, active mobile money agent networks grew by over 70 percent and active use of digital services increased by 18 percent
• Zambia now has 8,000 active Mobile Money agents and over 521,000 active mobile money wallets
• The number of digital financial service provides increased from 10 in 2015 to 18 in 2018
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Zambia’s SCTS
Cash by bicycle
• The Government is one of the biggest customers of bicycles in Zambia
• The Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) deposits money into the accounts of rural Government employees, mainly teachers, who ride to town to draw cash, up to 100km
• Once the cash is drawn, they ride back to the village and disperse the cash
• How much actually gets to each beneficiary is unverifiable (the transfer should be USD18 every two months)
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The challenge for GEWEL
Bicycle cash delivery was not an option
• The GEWEL payment is USD200 split into two payments – the amount alone would make the payment via the current method very risky
• Analysis of financial sector providers showed that no single private sector provider had the capacity to make the GEWEL payments nationally
• And four years of failed procurement of Zanaco, the country’s largest bank, for the SCTS confirmed this challenge
• Moreover the fundamentals of the SWL intervention suggest that empowering participants with a financial services account was key
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The challenge for GEWEL
• The analysis of the market (supply side study) presented a potential if not the only solution to pay beneficiairies natioanlly
• If the Ministry could use every possible provider to reach the women the likelihood of solving the possible need could be realised
The remote district of Mpulungu/Mbala on the banks of Lake Tanganyika, for example, does not have a Zanaco Bank branch but one finds that Zampost and Cavmont Bank have a branch.
Finding a better alternative
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The Big Picture
To quote a classic …
“If you build it, they will come”
By concentrating the demand, the business case for suppliers to solve the problem will become evident
Presenting the “numbers” became paramount …
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The Numbers: Making the business case
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Total
Beneficiaries 24,965 28,692 21,341 74,998
ZMK 54,923,000 63,122,400 46,950,200 164,995,600
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Build what exactly?
The payment system needed to:
1. Enroll beneficiaries
2. Capture their choice of Payment Service Provider (PSP)
3. Schedule payments as the women completed the training
4. Manage the approvals to release payments
5. Integrate directly to PSPs
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The GEWEL Payment System
This is a fancy technical diagram but how does it actually work on the ground ?
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Zambia
This is Zambia SWLPhase 1
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It’s in the
Detail
LufwanyamaDistrict
Mushingashiis 85 miles from Kitwe
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LufwanyamaDistrict
In the middle of nowhere is a Natsavebranch
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LufwanyamaDistrict
In the middle of nowhere is a Natsavebranch
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LufwanyamaDistrict
In the middle of nowhere is a Natsavebranch
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This is what it is like on the ground
Zoona AgentIn MangogoVillage
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This is what it is like on the ground
MTN Agent
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This is what it is like on the ground
NatsaveRural Branch
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This is what it is like on the ground
ZampostChawama
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PaymentProcess
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The GEWEL Payment System
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EVOLUTION OFSAFETY NET PAYMENTS
IN BANGLADESH
May 2018, SSN core courseYoonyoung Cho (Senior economist)
on behalf of the team
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BANGLADESH SAFETY NETS
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SAFETY NETS SYSTEMS FOR THE POOREST (SNSP):MINISTRY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND RELIEF
- Public works + Humanitarian relief- National Household Database (NHD) for poverty targeting under development
BANK’S OPERATION
- ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITYBUILDING- (Management) InformationSystems (MIS)- CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT+ AWARENESS- GRM MECHANISM
INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM FOR THE POOREST (ISPP):LOCAL GOVERNANE DIVISION
- Conditional cash transfer programs for mothers with young children focusing on health and nutrition
CASH TRANSFER MODERNIZATION (CTM):MINISTRY OF SOCIAL WELFARE
- Old age allowance; widow allowance; disabilityallowance; disability students’ allowance
ELIGIBILITY ASSESSMENT AND DECISION
EFFICIENT PAYMENT SYSTEMS
GRADUATION
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Beneficiary- Low level of financial inclusion- Low mobile penetration (18% among SA beneficiaries)- Low financial literacy + preference for cash over digital funds- Bearing a huge TCV (time, costs, visits) inefficiency
MODERN G2P PAYMENT: CHALLENGES
Infrastructure- Low POS/ATM penetration- Bank cards not widely used- Low coverage of the National Payment Switch Bangladesh’s (NPSB) – an electronic
platform for bank’s interoperability- Weak systems of financial institutions- NID functionality (for biometric authentication) is unknown
Institutions- Coordination & collaboration among major players
• Bangladesh bank: regulatory body of financial institution• Prime Minister’s Office through A2i (Access to information) unit: architecture
of digital Bangladesh• Finance division: vision for D2C (direct to citizen) payment
- Weak capacity of line ministries: staff/IS not fully ready for digital transfer
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Instrument
Security
Modality
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IMPROVISATIONS
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Ambition- G2P 3.5 vs. 4.0?
Cash transfer modernization project
Implementation details- Financial institutions assessment- Centralized payment architecture assessment
* Payroll (program eligibility+person detail+bank account+amount)* KYC/e-KYC
- NID functionality assessment (for biometric authentication + payment instrument)- Coordination with various actors/stakeholders
Human Centered Design- Financial literacy training/education- Active information dissemination / Union Social Workers training
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Payment Request
NID
V
erification
2
PaymentInstruction
PaymentInstruction 3
4 5
1
6
Payment
7
Cas
h O
ut
8
Account Verification
NID Verification
Bank
Post Office
MFS
10
Cash
Ou
t
9
NID Verification
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GHANA –PAPERLESS PUBLIC WORKS
PROGRAM
BUILDING EFFICIENT
DELIVERY SYSTEMSBy:
Suleiman Namara, Sr. SP Economist
Christabel Dadzie, SP Specialist
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GHANA SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES PROJECT (GSOP)
GSOP PDO: to improve targeting of the social protection programs and provide income support to poor households through LEAP grants and LIPW infrastructure in targeted districts.
Project Duration: Initiated in October 2010; Additional financing in May 2015; and Project Closure in May 2018.
Project components:
➢ Component 1: Social Protection Policy and Systems Strengthening
➢ Component 2: Labor Intensive Public Works Implementation and Capacity Building
➢ Component 3: Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty Implementation and Capacity Building
Key Achievements
➢ Beneficiaries of Safety Nets programs (cash transfers and public works) – 1,1 million; 61% female
➢ Person days of unskilled workers under the LIPW – 11.6 million against a target of 9.5 million
➢ Positive impacts of GSOP as posited by Impact Evaluation Studies in 2012 and 2016
➢ Social Protection Policy was prepared and launched in June 2016; Social Protection Bill is under preparation
➢ Ghana National Household Registry was launched in October 2015, data collection and reporting underway
➢ Productive Inclusion pilot was initiated in 2016 and has enrolled 4149 LEAP and LIPW beneficiaries, who
have been trained and running income generation activities in shea butter processing; small ruminant
rearing; basket weaving among others.
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OBJECTIVES OF LIPWTo provide targeted poor rural households with access to employment and income earning opportunities, in particular during seasonal labor demand shortfalls through rehabilitation and maintenance of public or community assets.
OPERATING SIMULTANEOUSLY….
➢ In 60 out of 216 Districts➢ In 475 Communities➢ On 361 LIPW Sites➢ Employing 35,000 poor households
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LIPW MANUAL PROCESS➢ Excel-based Daily Attendance Sheets (DASH) printed and distributed on site
➢ The DASH were completed after 14 days of work
➢ The DASH was physically delivered to the District Assembly (the
implementing local authority)
➢ After clearance by District Assembly, the District Finance office proceeded to
the community to effect payment based on the approved payroll
➢ A payroll was generated using a spreadsheet (MS Excel) after entry of the
beneficiary details and the days worked
➢ It took up to 4 months to reconcile payroll and get payments to beneficiaries
➢ Manual payment list was calculated using excel and taken to field as printed
copies
➢ Beneficiaries were called by name and thumbprint against the calculated
earnings to receive cash
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OVERALL LIPW SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION
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KEY ACTIVITIES UNDER E-PAYMENT SYSTEM
➢ Targeting & Enrollment
➢ Work Attendance (Daily Attendance Sheet)
➢ Generation of Payroll
➢ Approvals & Transmission of Payroll
➢ Upload of Wages onto Smart Cards
➢ Cash Out by Participating Financial Institutions
➢ Reconciliation & Reporting
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TARGETING AND ENROLLMENT
LIST ENTERED IN GMIS PRO
L
U
I
D
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
E
D
E-ZWITCH NUMBER SUBMITTED WITH LIST
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BIO DATA
LIPW ELECTRONIC ATTENDANCE MODULE
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LIPW ELECTRONIC ATTENDANCE MODULE
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ELECTRONIC
ATTENDANCE
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LIPW BENEFICIARY
ATTENDANCE SHEET
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EFFECTS OF E-ENROLLMENT & E-ATTENDANCE
➢ All LIPW beneficiaries are uniquely & positively identifiable
➢ There cannot be duplication or Ghost names
➢ Only targeted and enrolled beneficiaries who can work on LIPW sites
➢ The number of persons on site on any day and number of days worked on a site cannot be inflated
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LIPW BENEFICIARY PAYROLL
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LIPW BENEFICIARY PAYROLL GENERATION PROCESS
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ELECTRONIC ATTENDANCE & DISTRICT APPROVAL
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DISTRICT CHIEF EXECUTIVES APPROVAL PROCESS
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UPLOAD OF WAGES ON SMART CARDS
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UPLOAD OF WAGES ONTO SMART CARDS
CASH CREDITS REPORT
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CASH WITHDRAWAL REPORT CASH OUT BY PARTICIPATING
FINANCIAL INSITUTIONS
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EFFECTS OF E-PAYROLLS
➢Data used for building Payrolls not alterable
➢Value of payrolls based exactly on actual number of days worked on LIPW sites
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A Queue of Beneficiary waiting for their turn on a payment day
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Biometric validation in LIPW E-payment Process
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RECONCILATIONS
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USER INTERFACE OF GSOP APPSTO BRING ALL APPLICATIONS ON ONE PORTAL FOR EASY ACCESS
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STATUS BY THEMATIC AREAS OF SUBPROJECT
GHANA SOCIAL OPPOURTUNITIES PROJECT
STATUS BY THEMATIC ARE AS AT MARCH 5 2018
Indicator Climate Change Feeder Roads Small Earth Dams and Dugouts Social Infrastructure Aggregate
No. of subprojects planned 331 378 293 40 1042
No of participating district assemblies 59 60 40 40 60
No. of communities 327 634 298 41 1118
Total projected cost (GHS) 42180784.8 89248259.43 83344814.8 7059346.17 221833205.2
No. of subprojects completed 232 344 259 40 875
Kilometres of completed subprojects 0 1284.33 0 7 1291.33
Hectares of completed subprojects 2159.24 0 0 0 2159.24
Cubic metres of completed subprojects 0 0 26701725.11 0 26701725.11
No. of subprojects ongoing 18 4 8 0 30
Kilometres of ongoing subprojects 0 13.9 0 0 13.9
Hectares of ongoing subprojects 109 0 0 0 109
Cubic metres of ongoing subprojects 0 0 652009 0 652009
% completion of ongoing subprojects 72% 59% 65% 69%
Actual expenditure to date 37838180.11 74446972.38 63175117.71 6642875.68 182103145.9
Actual person days of unskilled labour 3795855 4340880 5259340 187541 13583616
Actual number of unskilled beneficiaries 36070 64458 67135 7939 167244
Actual amount paid to unskilled beneficiaries 25986450 29986364.5 36542906 872220 93387940.5
Average amount paid to unskilled beneficiaries 720.44 465.21 544.32 109.87 558.39
Actual number of unskilled male beneficiaries 14925 25461 23459 3960 64529
Actual number of unskilled female beneficiaries 21145 38997 43676 3979 102715
Number of inspections carried out on ongoing subprojects 30 5 25 0 60
Number of unskilled beneficiaries from LEAP households 640 1139 1357 74 3054
REPORTS
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KPI measurement
Data report for
Management
Detailed report on
subproject
DASHBOARD
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SYSTEM
NOTIFICATIONS
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CONCLUSION
LIPW Digitized Delivery System:
➢ protects integrity of targeting
➢ removes duplicates and ghost names
➢ promptly alerts management
➢ pays “the right person, the right amount at the right time”
IT IS SCALABLE!
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THANK YOU
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What is the ISPA Payments Delivery Mechanisms tool?
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What does the Payments tool include?
“What Matters” Guidance•Lays technical foundation for assessment•Provides good practices from international experience•Provides instructions to gather information•Describes how the assessment is organized
QuestionnaireGathers qualitative and quantitative information
Assessment MatrixAssesses against the agreed criteria on a four point scale
Country Report•Presents the findings•Highlights strengths and weaknesses in relationto good international practice•Summarizes complex landscape of policies and institutions•Provide policy options to be used as jumping off pointfor future dialogue between stakeholders
Implementation Guidelines
Outlines the process of application of ISPA tools from start to completion
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Policy, regulation and legislation
Agency rules for banks/non-banksProportionate KYC requirements e-money guidelines
Basic bank accounts
Financial inclusion
Government payments
Procurement
ID National ID
ICT Mobile Network Coverage
Financial landscape
Financial institutions
Financial access points
Interoperability
What are the key financial and regulatory elements of the payments
tool?
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ACCESSIBILITY
• Cost of Access
• Appropriateness
• Rights and Dignity
ROBUSTNESS
• Reliability
• Governance
• Security
INTEGRATION
• Financial Inclusion
• Coordination
Assessment criteria
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More than 60 ISPA Applications in 50+
countries: 15 of payments tool
Lesotho- WB
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Thanks!
www.ispatools.org