Download - Pathognomonic Signs
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PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS
Prepared By:
John Gil B. Ricafort, BSN, RN
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Diseases and Pathognomonic Signs
A
Abdominal Aortic Aneurism
- pulsating abdominal mass
Abruptio Placenta
- painful bleeding, board-like abdomen
Acute Renal Failure
- azotemia, uremic frost on skin
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Addison’s Disease- bronze pigmentation of skin
Angina Pectoris- pain upon exertion
Appendicitis- Mc Burney’s sign
Atrial Septal Defect- murmur heard high on chest
Autism- rocking, spinning, routines
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B
Bacterial Vaginosis
- grayish white discharges
Basilar Fracture
- raccoon’s eye
Breech Birth
- meconium staining
Bulimia Nervosa
- Binge eating
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CCarbon Monoxide Poisoning
- cherry pink flushed face, carbon in the secretions, non-productive cough
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome- Jack Hammer Syndrome (TINEL’s sign)
Cataract- cloudy vision
Celiac Disease- gluten sensitivity, foul smelling stool
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Chicken Pox
- maculopopular rash
Cholera
- rice water stools
Colic
- pulling up of arms and legs, red-faced crying
COPD
- barrel chest, clubbing of fingers
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Cushing’s Syndrome
- moon face, buffalo hump
CVA
- homonymous hemianopsia
Cystocele & Rectocele
- feeling of fullness at vagina
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DDelirium
- recent and past memory defectDementia
- recall or learning memory impairmentDetached Retina
- flashes of light, shadow/ curtain across the vision
DM- polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
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Diptheria
- pseudomembrane
Diverticular Disease
- cramping, colicky pain in left lower abdominal quadrant
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
- saddle nose, brushfield’s spots
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E
Ectopic pregnancy
- Cullen sign
Endometriosis
- premenstrual pain decreasing as menstrual flow decreases
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F
Failure to Thrive (FTT)
- “Radar gaze”
G
GERD
- Barret esophagus
Glaucoma
- halos around the light, tunnel vision
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Grave’s Disease
- exopthalmia
H
Hemophilia
- hemarthoses
Hepatic Disease
- asterixis, jaundice
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Hirschprung’s Disease
- ribbon-like, foul smelling stool
H-mole
- grapelike growth, large abdomen
Hydrocephalus
- Setting sun eyes
Hypocalcemia
- Trousseau sign, Chvostek Sign, Hyperreflexia
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I
Increased ICP
- high pitch cry
Increased IOP
- Doll’s eye
Intestinal Obstruction
- no passage of meconium
IDA
- activity intolerance
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K
Kawasaki
- strawberry tongue
Kleibsiella Pneumonia
- red gelatinous sputum
L
Left-sided Heart Failure
- pulmonary manifestations
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Low birth weight
- less than 2.5kg or 5 1/2lbs
Lyme Disease
- red-tinged circular rash (erythema chronicum migrans)
M
Malaria
- blackwater fever
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Meniere’s Disease
- whirling vertigo, tinnitus
Meningitis
- Kernig’s sign, Brudzinski’s sign
Moniliasis
- white “cheesy” discharge
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Multiple Sclerosis
- descending weakness, Charcot’s Sign (intention tremor, nystagmus, scanning speech)
Myasthenia Gravis
- nasal smile
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
- nonproductive that progresses to mucoid sputum
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Myocardial Infarction
- Levine sign, viselike or crushing pain radiating to shoulder, arms, jaw or back
O
Opthalmia Neonatorum
- purulent conjunctivitis
Oral Thrush
- white patches on tongue
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Osteoporosis
- kyphosis
Otosclerosis
- ringing or buzzing, longer bone conduction than air conduction
P
Pancreatitis
- steatorrhea
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PDA- machinery-type murmur throughout the heartbeat in the left 2nd or 3rd interspace
Parkinson’s Disease- pill rolling, bradykinesia, rigidity
Peritonitis- board-like abdomen
Pernicious Anemia- Beefy red tongue
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Pertusis
- paroxysmal cough ending with a whoop
PID
- fever, vaginal discharges, lower abdominal cramping
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Placenta Previa
- painless bright red bleeding
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
- purulent rusty sputum
Pneumothorax (Flail Chest)
- paradoxical respiration – loose chest segment moves inward during respiration and outward during expiration
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PIH
- edema, proteinuria, hypertension
Preterm infant
- 36 weeks or less
Prolapse Uterus
- pelvic heaviness
Pulmonary Embolism
- sudden dyspnea, sharp pleuritic pain
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Pyloric Stenosis
- projectile vomiting, non bile stained vomitus,
R
Rabies
- hydrophobia
Retinoblastoma
- diminished vision, strabismus, retinal detachment, abnormal pupilary reflex
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Right Ventricular Failure
- Systemic manifestation
Rocky-Mountain Spotted Fever
- rose colored macules
Rubella (German Measles)
- Foreschimer’s Spot (small red macules on soft palate)
Rubeola (Measles)
- Koplik spots
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S
Schizophrenia
- Association, affect, ambivalence, autistic thinking
Sickle Cell Anemia
- “painful episodes” or “vaso-occlusive crisis”
Staphyloccocal Pneumonia
- yellow-blood streaked sputum
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SIDS
- frothy, blood-tinged fluid fills mouth and nose
Syphilis
- chancre on genitalia, mouth, anus
SLE
- butterfly rash on face
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TTetanus (lockjaw)
- spasmsTOF
- Pulmonary valve stenosis, RVH, Overriding of the Aorta, VSD
Thrombophlebitis- Homan’s sign
Tracheoesophageal Fistula- coughing, choking, cyanosis
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Trichomoniasis
- malodorous thin yellow discharges
Typhoid fever
- rose-colored papules on the abdomen
Tuberculosis
- low grade fever, night sweats, hemoptysis
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U
Ulcerative Colitis
- bloody, watery, purulent, mucoid stools
V
Varicosities
- tortous veins
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VSD
- low, harsh murmur heard throughout systole
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Common Laboratory Values
Albumin
3.5-5.0 g/100 ml
Ammonia
12-55 umol/L
Amylase
4-25 units/ml
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AST, SGOT
Male: 8-46U/L
Female: 7-34U/L
Bilirubin
Total: up to 1.0mg/100ml
Bleeding Time
3-7 min
BUN
8-25mg/ml
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Calcium
8.5-10.5mg/100ml
Carbon Dioxide
24-30mEq/L
Chloride
100-106mEq/L
Cholesterol
<200mg/dl
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Creatinine Kinase (CK)
Male: 17-148U/L
Female: 10-79U/L
CPK
<150U/L
CPK-MB
0-5ng/ml
Creatinine
0.6-1.5mg/100ml
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ESR
Male: 1-13mm/Hr
Female: 1-20mm/Hr
Fibrinogen
160-450mg/dl
Glucose
70-110mg/100ml
HCO3
22-26mmol/L
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HDL
30-75mg/dl
Hemoglobin
Male: 13-18g/ 100ml
Female: 12-16g/ 100ml
Hematocrit
Male: 45-52%
Female: 37-48%
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Iron
50-150u/100 ml
WBC
-10,000-15,000/mm3
LDH
70-180
Lipase
2 units/ml or less
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Magnesium
1.5-2 mEq/l
pH
7.35-7.45
PO2
75-100mmHg
PCO2
35-45mmHg
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Phosphorus
3.0-4.5mg/ 100ml
Platelets
150,000-400,000/mm3
Potassium
3.5-5mEq/l
Protein
6.0-8.4g/ 100ml
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PT
10-12 sec
PTT
30-45 sec
RBC
Male: 4.6-6.2 million/ mm3
Female: 4.2-5.9 million/mm3
Sodium
135-145mEg/L
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T3
75-195 ng/ 100ml
T4, total
4-12 u/ml
Thrombin Time
11-15 sec
Triglycerides
40-150mg/ 100ml
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TSH
0.5-5U/ml
Urea Nitrogen
8-25mg/ 100ml
Uric Acid
Male: 4-9 mg/dl
Female: 3-6.6 mg/dl
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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS &
PROCEDURESWag kalimutan…
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Cardiovascular System Electrocardiography
- noninvasive test
- graphical representation of the heart’s electrical activity
- interpret EKG for changes
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Holter Test Monitoring(Ambulatory EKG)
- noninvasive test
- records the heart’s electrical activity and cardiac events for 24 hours
- advise the patient on activity limitations while wearing monitor
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Cardiac Catheterization- invasive, fluoroscopic procedure- examines intracardiac structure, pressure, oxygenation and cardiac output.- Note the patient’s allergies before testing- Report immediately if with chest pain
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Echocardiography
- noninvasive test
- uses echoes from sound waves to visualize intracardiac structures and blood flow
- Determine the patient’s ability to lie still.
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Stress Testing- noninvasive test- study of the heart’s electrical activity and ischemic events during levels of exercise.- Light breakfast before the test - STOP the test if patient develops cardiopulmonary symptoms
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Respiratory System Bronchoscopy
- invasive test
- allows for visualization of the trachea and bronchial tree
- Check cough and gag reflex AFTER procedure
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Pulmonary Angiography
- invasive test involving injection of radiopaque dye
- allows for radiographic examination of pulmonary circulation
-NOTE allergies to iodine, seafoods, and radiopaque dyes BEFORE test
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Thoracentesis
- invasive procedure using needle aspiration
- allows removal of pleural fluid and specimen examination
- PLACE the patient in proper position
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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
- noninvasive test
- measures lung capacity
- Document bronchodilators or narcotics used before testing
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Arterial Blood Gas analysis (ABG)
- blood test
- arterial blood measurements of tissue oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base balance.
- APPLY pressure to the site 5 minutes after procedure
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Lung Biopsy
- invasive test
- removal of a small amount of lung tissue for histologic evaluation
- OBSERVE for signs of pneumothorax and air embolism after procedure
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Nervous System Electroencephalography (EEG)
- noninvasive test
- graphic representation of the brain’s electrical activity
- WITHHOLD medications and caffeine 8 hours before the procedure
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Cerebral Angiogram
- invasive procedure using a radiopaque dye
- allows examination for the cerebral arteries
- NOTE patient’s allergies before the procedure
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Lumbar Puncture
- invasive test
- collection of CSF for analysis
- CONTRAINDICATED in the presence of increased ICP
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Gastrointestinal System Upper GI Series (Barium Swallow)
- allows for examination of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and other portions of the small bowel after swallowing
- BEFORE procedure, administer fluids, cathartics, and enema, as prescribed
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Lower GI Series (Barium Enema)
- Allows for examination of the large intestine after administration of a barium enema
- BEFORE procedure, withhold food
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Endoscopy
- procedure using an endoscope for visualization
- WITHHOLD food and fluids 6 to 12 hours before the test
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Fecal Occult Blood Test
- laboratory test using a reagent
- analysis of stool for blood
- ADVISE the patient to AVOID red meat, iron and high fiber for 1 to 3 days prior to the procedure
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Fecal Fat Test
- laboratory test using a stain
- analysis of stool for fat
- ADVISE the patient to restrict alcohol intake and maintain a high-fat diet for 72 hours before examination
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Cholangiography
- invasive procedure using an injection of a radiopaque dye through a catheter
- allows for examination of the biliary duct system
- BEFORE the procedure, note the patient’s allergies
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Liver Scan
- invasive procedure using an IV injection of a radioisotope
- provides an image of blood flow in the liver
- Assess the patient for allergic reaction after the procedure
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Gastric Analysis
- aspiration of the contents of the stomach through an NG tube
- measures the acidity of gastric secretions
- Instruct NOT TO SMOKE for 8 to 12 hours before the test
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Ultrasonography
- noninvasive procedure that uses echoes from sound waves
- provides visualization of body organs
- WITHHOLD food and fluids for 8 to 12 hours before the procedure
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Liver Biopsy
- invasive procedure using needle for the percutaneous removal of a small amount of liver tissue
- Before the test, assess clotting studies
- During the test, hold the breath
- After the test, Right lateral position
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Urinary System Urinalysis
- laboratory test for urine
- examines the color, appearance, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, RBCs, WBCs and casts
- OBTAIN first morning urine specimen
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Urine Culture and Sensitivity
- laboratory test for urine
- detects bacteria
- Collect midstream sample in sterile container
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24-hour Urine Collection
- laboratory test for urine
- samples collected over 24 hours to determine kidney function
- instruct the patient to void and note time
- discard the first urine collected
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Blood Chemistry
- laboratory test of blood sample
- analysis for potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, bicarbonate, BUN, creatinine, protein, albumin, and osmolality
- check the site for bleeding
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Cystoscopy
- procedure using cystoscope to visualize the bladder
- Check the patient’s urine for blood clots after the procedure
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Renal Angiography
- procedure using injection of radiopaque dye through a catheter
- examination of the renal arterial supply
- NOTE the patient’s allergies before the procedure
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Hematopoietic System Bone Marrow Examination
- percutaneous removal of bone marrow
- examines erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and precursor cells
- GIVE analgesics or anxiolytics, as ordered.
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Schilling Test
- administration of oral radioactive cyanocobalamin and I.M. cyanocobalamin
-microscopic examination of 24-hour urine sample of cyanocobalamin
- WITHHOLD food and fluids post HS