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Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)Introduction and Future DevelopmentsOslo, October 2013
Claus Matthes
Director, PCT Business Development Division
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Using the traditional patent system to seek multinational patent protection
Local patent application followed within 12 months by multiple foreign applications claiming priority under Paris Convention:
- multiple formality requirements
- multiple searches
- multiple publications
- multiple examinations and prosecutions of applications
- translations and national fees required at 12 months
Some rationalization because of regional arrangements:
ARIPO, EAPO, EPO, OAPI
0 12
Fileapplication
locally
Fileapplications
abroad
(months)
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The PCT─ 1970
Basic idea: simplify the procedure for obtaining patent protection in many countries, making it more efficient and economical for:
users of the patent system: makes available a filing tool for applicants for foreign patent filings; and patent offices: makes available a tool for effective processing of patent applications by offices of PCT Member States willing to exploit work done by others
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PCT Basics Filing Tool for applicants:
Only one application filed, containing, by default, the designation of all States (for every kind of protection available) and usual priority claim(s)
Has the effect of a regular national filing (including establishment of a priority date) in each designated State: the international filing date is the filing date in each designated State
Filed in one language
Filed with one Office
One set of formality requirements
Delays national processing until 30 months from priority date
International reports improve basis for decision making
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PCT Basics
Work sharing tool for Offices:
Central formality checking
Central international publication
International search report (ISR)
International Preliminary Reports on Patentability (preliminary, non-binding opinion on novelty, inventive step (non-obviousness) and industrial applicability
Chapter I
Chapter II
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Traditional patent systemvs. PCT system
Fees for:
--translations--Office fees--local agents
0 12
File local application
Fileapplications
abroad(months)
Traditional
(months)
File PCTapplication
12 30
International search report & written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
PCT 0
Fees for:
--translations--Office fees--local agents
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The PCT System
(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
Typically a national patent application in the home country of
the applicant
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8
(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentabilityTypically filed in same
national patent office--one set of fees, one language,
one set of formality requirements--and legal effect in all PCT States
The PCT System
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9
(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
Report on state of the art (prior art
documents and their relevance) + initial
patentability opinion
The PCT System
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The ISAs are the following 18 offices:
AustraliaAustriaBrazilCanadaChinaChile (not yet operating)EgyptFinlandIndia (October 15, 2013)IsraelJapanRepublic of KoreaRussian FederationSpainSwedenUnited States of AmericaEuropean Patent OfficeNordic Patent Institute
PCT International Searching Authorities
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Prior art for international search
Prior art:
everything which has been made available to the public,
anywhere in the world,
by means of written disclosure,
which is capable of being of assistance in determining that the claimed invention is or is not new and that it does or does not involve an inventive step,
provided the making available to the public occurred prior to the international filing date.
PCT Minimum Documentation (Rule 34)
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Documents relevant to whether or not your
invention may be patentable
Symbols indicatingwhich aspect of
patentability the document cited is
relevant to (for example, novelty, inventive step,
etc.)
The claim numbersin your application to
which the document isrelevant
Example: PCT International Search Report
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13Example: PCT Written opinion of the International Searching Authority
Patentability assessment of claims
Reasoning supporting the
assessment
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(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
Disclosing to world content of application in standardized way
The PCT System
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15
(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
Request an additional patentability analysis on basis
of amended application
The PCT System
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16
(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
Additional patentability analysis, designed to assist in national phase decision-
making
The PCT System
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(months)
File PCTapplication
120 30
International search report
& written opinion
16 18
Internationalpublication
(optional)File
demand forInternational
preliminary examination
File localapplication
Enternationalphase
22 28
(optional)International preliminary report on
patentability
Express intention and take steps to pursue to grant in
various states
The PCT System
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The PCT
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The PCT in 1978
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PCT Coverage Today
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=PCT
Albania
Algeria
AngolaAntigua and BarbudaArmenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil
Brunei DarussalamBulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Canada
Central African Republic
ChadChileChina Colombia Comoros Congo
Costa RicaCôte d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial Guinea EstoniaFinlandFrance,
GabonGambiaGeorgia GermanyGhana GreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuinea
Guinea-Bissau HondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIran (Islamic Republic of)
(4 Oct. 2013)Ireland IsraelItalyJapanKazakhstanKenyaKyrgyzstanLao People’s Dem Rep.Latvia Lesotho LiberiaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaLiechtenstein LithuaniaLuxembourgMadagascar
MalawiMalaysiaMaliMaltaMauritaniaMexicoMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMoroccoMozambiqueNamibia NetherlandsNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayOmanPanamaPapua New GuineaPeruPhilippines
PolandPortugalQatarRepublic of Korea Republic of MoldovaRomaniaRwandaRussian FederationSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the Grenadines San MarinoSao Tomé e PrincipeSaudi Arabia (3 Aug. 2013)SenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSudanSwaziland
St. Kitts and NevisSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTajikistan ThailandThe former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TogoTrinidad and Tobago TunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited Republic of TanzaniaUnited States of AmericaUzbekistanViet NamZambiaZimbabwe
148 PCT States
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Countries not yet in PCTAfghanistanAndorraArgentinaBahamasBangladeshBhutanBoliviaBurundiCambodiaCape VerdeDemocratic Republic of
CongoDjiboutiEritreaEthiopiaFijiGuyanaHaiti
IraqJamaicaJordanKiribatiKuwaitLebanonMaldivesMarshall IslandsMauritiusMicronesiaMyanmarNauruNepalPakistanPalauParaguaySamoaSolomon Islands
SomaliaSouth SudanSurinameTimor-LesteTongaTuvaluUruguayVanuatuVenezuelaYemen
(45)
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PCT Applications 2012
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12
194,400 PCT applications+6.6% in 2012
NL: +14%
CN: +13.6%
KR: +13.4%
FI: +13.2%
JP: +12.3%
87.3% fully electronicForecasting +3.8% in 2013
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Trends in PCT filing
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0
10'000
20'000
30'000
40'000
50'000
60'000
US JP DE CN KR FR GB CH NL SE IT CA FI AU ES
International applications received in 2012 by country of origin
Top 15 countries responsible for 92.7% of IAs filed in 2012
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507,400 national phase entries estimated in 2011 (+ 4.2%)431,800 (about 85%) of NPEs are from non-resident applicants, making PCT NPEs responsible for 54.9% of all non-resident patent applications filed worldwide in 2011
PCT National phase entries—total
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USPTO most preferred DO for National Phase Entries; had highest growth among the IP5 Offices (+7.3%) Brazil (+12.6%) and India (+9.8%) had highest growth rates among top 10 Offices
PCT National phase entries 2011—by target DO (1)
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PCT National phase entries 2011—by target DO (2)
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Top PCT Applicants 20121. ZTE Corporation—CN (3906)*2. Panasonic—JP (2951) 3. Sharp—JP (2001)4. Huawei—CN (1801)5. Bosch—DE (1775) 6. Toyota—JP (1652)7. Qualcomm—US (1305)8. Siemens—DE (1272)9. Philips—NL (1230)10. Ericsson—SE (1197)11. LG Electronics—KR (1094)12. Mitsubishi Electric—JP (1042)13. NEC—JP (999) 14. Fujifilm Corporation (891)15. Hitachi—JP (745) 16. Samsung Electronics—KR (683)17. Fujitsu—JP (671)18. Nokia—FI (670)19. BASF—DE (644) 20. Intel—US (640)
*(…) of publishedPCT applications
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Top University PCT Applicants 2012
1. University of California (US)2. MIT (US)3. Harvard University (US)4. Johns Hopkins (US)5. Columbia University (US)6. University of Texas (US)7. Seoul National University (KR)8. Leland Stanford University (US)9. Peking University (CN)10. University of Florida (US)11. Cal Tech (US)12. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR)13. Cornell University (US)14. University of Tokyo (JP)15. Yonsei University (KR)16. Isis Innovation Limited (GB)17. Tsinghua University (CN)18. Kyoto University (JP)19. University of Michigan (US)20. Purdue University (US)
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Top Government/Research Institution PCT Applicants 2012
1. Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (France) 2. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung e.v. (Germany)3. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (France)4. China Academy of Telecommunications Technology5. Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China)6. Mimos Berhad (Malaysia)7. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France)8. Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute of Korea9. Agency of Science, Technology and Research (Singapore)10. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) (Spain)11. United States of America, represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and
Human Services12. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan)13. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)14. Korea Research Institute of BioScience and Biotechnology15. Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno
(Netherlands)16. Max Plank Institute (Germany)
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The PCT─ 1970 to today
*
Share of PCT national phase entries (%)
23.9 25.9 33.3 34.1 39.0 40.0 43.8 47.5 46.4 47.3 47.4 49.3 50.8 53.2 54.5 55.1 54.9
0
25
50
75
100
Dis
trib
uti
on
of
non
-resi
den
t ap
plic
ati
on
s
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Year
Paris route PCT national phase entries
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The PCT─ 1970 to today
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1. postpones the major costs associated with internationalizing a patent application
2. provides a strong basis for patenting decisions
3. harmonizes formal requirements
4. protects applicant from certain inadvertent errors
5. evolves to meet user needs
6. is used by the world’s major corporations, universities and research institutions when they seek international patent protection
The PCT, as the cornerstone of the international patent system, provides a worldwide system for simplified filing and processing of patent applications, which:
Certain PCT Advantages
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PCT Challenges
Improving the quality of PCT international phase work products
Building trust between patent offices, so that duplicative international phase and national phase processing can be reduced
Language issues 33% of applications filed in Chinese, Japanese and Korean
Helping developing countries benefit from the PCT 15 countries responsible for 92.1% of IAs published in 2011
Making PCT accessible to applicants of all types from all Contracting States (for example, SMEs)
Helping PCT users stay abreast of new developments and strategies
![Page 36: Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Introduction and Future Developments Oslo, October 2013 Claus Matthes Director, PCT Business Development Division](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103123/56649d8b5503460f94a71c5b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
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The PCT─ 1970 to today
PCT extremely successful as filing tool
Harmonization of formal and procedural requirements (beyond PCT)
National and regional laws
Patent Law Treaty (PLT)
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The PCT─ 1970 to today
However: PCT not as effective as work sharing tool in practice for addressing national quality of examination and (for some Offices) backlogs
PCT allows offices to re-use earlier work (international reports) in a way which increases quality or reduces the amount of work needed to achieve same level of quality
actual extent to which this is done is a decision of the office or State concerned as a matter of policy and efficiency
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The PCT─ Work Sharing Tool
Expectation was: “flying start” for offices, work should be “rather in the nature of completing, checking and criticizing than starting from scratch in complete isolation”
Reality is: many Offices do start “from scratch”
Perhaps not in complete isolation, but …
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PCT Roadmap
Needed: change in approach of offices vis-à-vis the PCT system, including a review of national procedures and practices and of what kind of incentives are set to use the system in a way which is beneficial to all
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PCT Roadmap
Improve quality and consistency of international reports:
The better the quality of the tools (reports), the better for all Contracting States: tools allow them to deal more effectively with requirements of their national laws
The smaller the national examining capacity, the bigger the importance of quality tools
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PCT Roadmap
Improve quality and consistency of international reports:
Further improve quality management systems of IAs
Chapter 21 of PCT S&E Guidelines
Develop quality metrics for measuring usefulnessManagement of work sharing requires metrics which establish
what can be re-used and its quality
Collaborative metrics study on ISR characteristics
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PCT Roadmap
Improve quality and consistency of international reports:Explore collaborative search and examination
Collaboration or sharing of final products? Pilot project (EPO, KIPO, USPTO)
Third party observations system Since July 2012
Set up quality feedback system for officesTo come
Record search strategiesPending standardization: making available of search strategies on PatentScope
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PCT Roadmap
Improve quality and consistency of international reports:
Use of standardized clauses in reports
Improve explanations of relevance of cited documents
Modification of PCT S&E Guidelines
Extend opportunity for dialogue with examiner during international preliminary examination
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PCT Roadmap
Improve timeliness of actions in international phase
Create incentives for applicants to use system efficiently
encourage high quality applications and early correction of defects and filing of amendments
Improve training for Offices, better coordination
notably for examiners in developing country Offices
Improve access to effective search systems
affordable access to online search systems
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PCT Roadmap
Improve access to national search and examination reports
PatentScope
WIPO Case
Assist Offices in digitizing national patent collections
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PCT Roadmap
Where do we stand?
significant progress towards implementing recommendations endorsed by Member States
Major achievement of the process to be seen in more general terms:
Recognition of importance of PCT work product quality
Importance of appropriate integration of PCT work products into national patent granting procedures
Role of PCT in improving the functioning of the international patent system as a whole
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PCT Roadmap
Role of the PCT in effective dissemination of technical information
Greater understanding of concerns and needs of Contracting States in relation to the quality of international applications and PCT work products
Greater understanding of capacity of Contracting States, to perform their own effective search and examination
greater understanding of the needs for continued technical assistance for developing and least developed countries in this regard
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PCT Roadmap
Clearly: more work needed!Focus:
QualityCollaborationTechnical assistanceBoth applicant and Office driven arrangements
Work sharing not (yet) a universally agreed concept …
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ePCT
Online portal that provides PCT services for both applicants and offices
Available since May 2011
Provides secure and direct interaction with PCT applications maintained by the International Bureau
Applicants may now conduct most PCT transactions electronically
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ePCT OverviewApplicant portal development
Single portal for all actions and info, irrespective of responsible Office
Information entered is used directly; no more transcription errors
Live file - always up-to-date
Web filing
Data checks using same functions as IB; always up-to-date
Share drafts in ePCT like a normal IA file - rights carry through to IA
View IA file immediately on filing(*)
Receiving Offices
Direct access to IB+ISA(*) file
Option of using online tools equivalent to RO/IB
Offer e-filing without need to run own server
Alternative to PCT-EDI with built-in local files and records management
International Authorities
Direct access to IB+RO(*) file
Share access to application body, including all updates(*) as soon as approved by RO, IB, ISA or IPEA
(*) feature which would be dependent on level of participation by other Office
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PCT Training Options
PCT Distance learning course content available in the 10 PCT publication languages
New: 29 video segments on WIPO’s Youtube channel about individual PCT topics from our Basic Seminar series
PCT Webinars
providing free updates on developments in PCT procedures, and PCT strategies—previous webinars are archived and freely available
upon request also for companies or law firms, for example, for focused training on how to use ePCT
In-person PCT Seminars and training sessions
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Thank You!
Claus MatthesDirector, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Business Development Division
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)34 chemin des Colombettes, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
T + 41 22 338 98 09; [email protected]; www.wipo.int