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JRC 30 March 2009 1
Particle Measurement Programme
Exploratory work & Validation Exercise (JRC)First Validation Exercise comparisons
B. Giechaskiel, G. Martini, J. AnderssonJRC, 30 March 2009
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JRC 30 March 2009 2
Outline
• Status• Exploratory Work (JRC)
– Preconditioning– Particles <23 nm
• Validation Exercise (JRC)– Partial – Full flow systems comparison– Number systems comparison– After-treatment comparison
• Validation Exercise comparisons
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JRC 30 March 2009 3
Status
DateValidation Exercise
Round Robin
Jan – Feb 2008 JRCMar-Apr 2008 AVL-MTC
May – Jun 2008 JRCJul – Sept 2008 RWTUEVOct – Nov 2008 Ricardo
Dec 2008 – Jan 2009 Ricardo NTSELFeb - April 2009 UTAC JARI
April – June 2009 EMPA NIER (Korea)July – Sept 2009 JRCOct – Nov 2009 Volvo
Dec 2009 – Jan 2010 JRCFeb – Mar 2010 UTACApr – May 2010 TNOJun – Aug 2010 VTTSep – Oct 2010 ScaniaNov – Dec 2010 Environment CanadaJan – Feb 2011 Daimler
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JRC 30 March 2009 4
Set up
dilution tunnel
HEPALEPA
Flow direction
act. carbon
Dilution air
PM47±5°C
50 lpm
25 lpm
80 m3/min
HEPA
Primary dilution tunnel
TX40 47mm
CRT
ENGINE
PSS-20
SPCS
Secondary dilution tunnel
SPCS
AVL_SS
ET (330°C)
Blanket (150°C)
EJ#
1
EJ#
2
Heater (150°C)Thermodenuder
(275°C)
TSI 3790 (-105)
TSI 3010D
EEPS
Nanomet
One Golden instrument at CVS and one at the partial flow system
Alternative systems (EJ+ET+EJ+3010D, EJ+TD+3790, Nanomet-C)
Other systems (EEPS, 3025A)
TSI( 3025A)
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JRC 30 March 2009 5
Preconditioning
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
-1920 -1440 -960 -480 0 480
Time [s]
PN
[#/c
m3 ]
2 8 3 1
loading (#7, #9, #11)
#10
idle#7
mini cycle (mode #):
#10
A
BC
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
300 1300 2300 3300
Time [s]
PN
[#/c
m3 ] AVL_MTC lube aging
(mode #10)
JRC pre-conditioning
mode #7
JRC lube aging (mode #10)
mode #10
10 15 min
Non-volatile particles >23 nm
Low temperature modes Low emissionsHigh temperature modes High emissions
Non-volatiles >23 nm
15 min at mode 10 is the minimum time for
Pre-conditioning
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JRC 30 March 2009 6
Pre-conditioning emissions
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
Time [s]
PN
[#/c
m3 ]
EEPSSPCS
13
4
6
7
#10 #7#4
2
5
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
0 500 1000 1500
Time [s]
PN
[#/c
m3 ]
#4 #10 #7
>23 nm
>3 nm
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1 10 100 1000
dP
N/d
log
Dp
[#cm
3 ]
EEPS max
EEPS min
1
2
3
4
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1 10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter Dp [nm]
dP
N/d
log
Dp
[#/c
m3 ]
EEPS max
EEPS min7
4
5
6
Non-volatiles
High emissions ofvolatiles duringpassive regeneration
Non-volatile emissions can be also observed
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JRC 30 March 2009 7
Cycles
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[#/c
m3 ]
SPCS >23nm
SPCS >3nm
CVS >3nm
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[#/c
m3 ],
Sp
ee
d, T
orq
ue
SPCS >23nm
SPCS >3nm
CVS >3nm
#7
#10
#13Speed
Torque
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[#
/cm
3 ]
EEPS
SPCS
2
3
1
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1 10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter Dp [nm]
dP
N/d
log
Dp
[#/c
m3 ]
minEEPS
1
2
3
High emissions at thebeginning of the cycle
High emissions at hightemperature modes
Low emissionsat the rest cycles
Cold WHTCHot WHTC
ESC
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JRC 30 March 2009 8
Particles <23 nm
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12
Non volatile >23 nm (SPCS-19 at CVS)
Pa
rtic
les
>3
nm
(3
02
5A
at)
CVS
SPCS
WHTC hot
Non-volatiles >3 nm approximately +40% of non-volatiles >23 nm
Total >3 nm approximately +80% of non-volatiles >23 nm
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JRC 30 March 2009 9
Partial-Full flow systems
0
2
4
6
0 2 4 6
PTS PM Emissions [mg/kWh]
SP
C-4
72
PM
Em
iss
ion
s [
mg
/kW
h]
WHTC cold
WHTC hot
WHSC
ETC
ESC
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12
SPCS-19 (CVS)
SP
CS
-20
(S
PC
-47
2)
WHTC cold
WHTC hot
WHSC
ETC
ESC
Not good PM correlation between partial and full flow systems(However similar levels)
Very good PN correlation between partial and full flow systems
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JRC 30 March 2009 10
Number systems comparison
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12
SPCS-19 (CVS)
Alt
ern
ati
ve
sy
ste
m
EJ+ET+EJ
TD
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12
SPCS-19 (CVS)
Na
no
me
t
Very good agreement betweenalternative and golden systemsmeasuring from CVS in parallel
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JRC 30 March 2009 11
Aftertreatment effect
EMITEC=PM MetalitPartial Flow Deep Bed Filter
DPF=Pt based oxicat upstream ofwall flow filter
0
20
40
60
80
100
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
PM
[m
g/k
Wh
]
Engine out
EMITEC
DPF
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
PN
[#/
kWh
]
Engine out
EMITEC
DPF
65% reduction with partial flow Deep Bed Filter
99% reduction with wall flow filter
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JRC 30 March 2009 12
VE Comparisons - setup
JRC AVL_MTC RCECVS dimensions [cm/cm]
470/47 500/50 450/45
CVS flowrate [m3/min] 80 72 60Sec. tunnel dimen. [cm] 64/8.6 30/8 100/10Sec. tunnel flowrates 25/50 25/50 20/40Partial flow system Smart Sampler
PSSSmart
SamplerMDLT
PM flow, split ratio 1.08, 0.0626% 1.08, 0.0626% 1.205, 0.0909%
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JRC 30 March 2009 13
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESCHC
*10
Em
iss
ion
s [
g/k
Wh
] JRC raw
AVL raw
RCE raw
0
2
4
6
8
10
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
CO
*10
Em
issi
on
s [g
/kW
h] JRC raw
AVL raw
RCE raw
VE Comparisons - gaseous
0
2
4
6
8
10
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
CO
2/10
0 E
mis
sio
ns
[g/k
Wh
]
JRC raw
AVL raw
RCE raw
0
2
4
6
8
10
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns
[g/k
Wh
] JRC raw
AVL raw
RCE raw
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JRC 30 March 2009 14
VE Comparisons – Real time PN
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[cm
-3]
JRC
AVL_MTC
RCECVS
Hot WHTC
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[cm
-3]
JRC
AVL_MTC
RCE
Partial flow
Hot WHTC
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[cm
-3]
JRC
AVL_MTC
RCE
CVS
Cold WHTC
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
[cm
-3]
JRC
AVL_MTC
RCE
Partial systems
Cold WHTC
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JRC 30 March 2009 15
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
PN
[#/
cm3] JRC Phase B
AVL_MTC
RCE
CVS
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
PN
[#/
cm3 ]
JRC Phase B
AVL_MTC
RCE
Partial flow systems
VE Comparisons – PM and PN
0
2
4
6
8
10
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
PM
Em
issi
on
s [m
g/k
Wh
] JRC
AVL
RCE
Partial flow systems
0
2
4
6
8
10
WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC
PM
Em
issi
on
s [m
g/k
Wh
] JRC
AVL
RCE
CVS
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JRC 30 March 2009 16
Conclusions
• Exploratory Work (JRC)– Preconditioning: Regeneration + Loading– Not high concentration of particles <23 nm (and proportional)
• Validation Exercise (JRC)– Good correlation between partial and full flow systems– Good correlation between particle number systems– Wall flow filters can reduce efficiently number emissions
• Validation Exercise comparisons– Background important– Quite good repeatability of PN emissions