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Part 1
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δ +
δ +
δ -
Water molecules are polar covalent bonds.
Biochemistry: The unique properties of water
They are attracted to other water molecules through relatively weak Hydrogen bonds.
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Can water form ions?Yes, at a very small rate (1 out of 500,000,000!)
H2O H+ OH-+
+ -
How would you quantify (count) this ionic disassociation? The pH scale
The “powerpower of HydrogenHydrogen” scale
pH
Biochemistry: The unique properties of water
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Stomach Acid, lemon juiceVinegar, cola
Tomato juice
Black coffee; RainwaterUrine
Pure water; Human blood
Seawater
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Household bleach
Oven cleaner
Incr
easi
ngly
Aci
dic
Inc
reas
ingl
y B
asic
Neutral
<[H+] >[OH-]
[H+] = [OH-]
>[H+] <[OH-]
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Worksheet
• Do Properties of Water (pg 42)
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Part 2
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Besides water, what elements and compounds are essential to life?
Organic compounds1. Mostly contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur*Carbon
C CC CC C
H
H HH
H HH
OHO H
HHHO O
O
O
Organic Compounds: An Overview
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Organic compounds (continued…)2. Four categories of organic compounds:
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids
3. All formed and separated in similar waysa. Formation (Polymerization): Dehydration
Synthesis
b. Separation: Hydrolysis
Hey Sugar, I sure am happy that you’re a Carbohydrate
like me.
Awww, how sweet!
Hurry up, Lipids! You should have more energy
stored up than this!
Does this bond structure make
me look fat?
Hi there! My name is Polly
Peptide.
Can you believe that each of your cells contains
about 2 meters of me?
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates
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Polymerization
• Polymerization (definition):– Forming of large organic macromolecules by
the joining of smaller repeating units called monomers
Bonding: Polymerization
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Worksheet
• Polymerization page 44 (use the next two slides)
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Dehydration Synthesis
• Dehydration Synthesis is the removal of a water molecule to form a new bond.
HOH
H2O
HO H
HHO
Short Polymer Monomer
Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
Bonding: Polymerization: Dehydration Synthesis
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Hydrolysis
HOH
H2O
HO
H
H
HO
Short Polymer Monomer
Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond
1 2 3
1 2 3
4
• Polymers are broken by adding water.
• Literally, “Water Splitting”
Bonding: Polymerization: Hydrolysis
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C CC CC C
Carbon = The element of life
• Carbon’s Valence has ____ electrons
• Can bond with ____ elements
• Can form chains, rings, branches, & isomers
44
CCHO
OHH
HCC
HO OH
H H
Bonding: Carbon
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Lipids
• A lipid is any molecule that DOES NOT mix with water.
• Lipids function in:– Energy (E) storage, – forming cell membranes, – and as chemical messengers
(e.g., hormones)
• Nonpolar (hydrophobic)• Made up mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen (with
a few Oxygen)
Organic Compounds: Lipids
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Lipids1. Fats (Triglycerides)
– Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids– Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid)– Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid)
Organic Compounds: Lipids: Fats
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Ester Bonds
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Lipids2. Phospholipids
– Glycerol with Phosphate Head + 2 Fatty Acid Chains
– Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”)• Hydrophilic head• Hydrophobic tail
– Forms 2 layers in water– Makes up cell membranes
Organic Compounds: Lipids: Phospholipids
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
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Organic Compounds: Lipids: Sterols
Lipids
OH
O
Testosterone
HO
O
Estrogen
3. Sterols– Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton consists of 4
fused rings– Includes:
• Hormones• Cholesterol• Cortisol
– Makes up cell membranes
HOOH
O
O
OH
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Lipids Review Worksheet
• Lipids and phospholipids—page 58-59