Download - Parking Management Opens Wider Opportunities
PARKING MANAGEMENT
OPENS WIDER OPPORTUNITIES
Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
@ReinventParking
Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017
Mindset matters
Mindsets matter!
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned like …
Can you guess what’s coming?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned like …
Restrooms
Every development expected to
provide enough on-site to meet its
own demand
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
But is parking really like restrooms?
Do people do it in the streets without embarrassment?
Does off-street provision easily prevent a mess in the street?
Does everyone need it, or only motorists?
Do some users occupy it for hours on end?
Can we predict long-term demand, even if the use changes?
How much space and cost does it take to have enough?
Does oversupply encourage excessive use?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is also often planned like …
Transit As a public service/infrastructure that serves an area
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking supply can ALSO be determined like …
Restaurants
A real-estate service serving
an area and provided by a
competitive market at market-
responsive prices
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo: Matthew Roth
Off-street parking
~~ restaurants
On-street parking
~~ sidewalk vendors
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Off-street parking
~~ restaurants
On-street parking
~~ sidewalk vendors
(which the city needs
to regulate)
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
like restrooms
in car-oriented suburbs
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned …
like restrooms
like transit
in car-oriented suburbs
in many urban districts
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned …
like restrooms
like transit
like restaurants
in car-oriented suburbs
in many urban districts
in some downtowns
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned …
Can we EXPAND the
zones in which parking
supply is determined like
transit or like restaurants?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
And can we shrink the
area in which it is
planned like restrooms?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Which of these
yields most value
from urban space?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Urban success
Like restrooms?
Like restaurants?
Like local streets?
Which is most
responsive to
change?
Which is most
adaptable to local
context?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Donald Shoup’s most prominent three
proposals for municipal parking policy
i. Price on-street parking for 85%
occupancy
ii. Use revenue as desired by local
stakeholders
iii. Abolish minimum parking
requirements
Adaptive
Parking
Towards municipal
parking policy that
delivers:
- success without
excess
- responsiveness to
local conditions and
to change
- more value from
urban space
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
THE PRIZE Freedom, Choices, Options!
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Traffic reduced
Housing affordability
Unleash part of parking ‘land bank’
Transit-oriented development boost
Infill boost
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Fiscally healthy development
Fargo (as highlighted by
Strong Towns)
Renaissance zone: zero parking
minimums
Enormous increase in assessed
value of the area
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image via https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/23/
robust-growth-and-development-without-mandating-parking
“Future proof” the parking ecosystem
Adaptive Parking thrusts
aim to increase market-
responsiveness in local
parking
Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
RELAX! Success without Excess
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
The place where my elementary school used to be
Enough yet? Urban success?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo: Paul Barter
Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)
Stop boosting supply
So long as on-street parking is very well managed
Photo by Flickr user gregwake
Photo by Mariordo - CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Sao Paulo in Brazil
completely abolished
parking minimums in
2014 Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
Abolishing parking minimums is not radical:
example London
No non-residential minimums since 1974
(maximums instead)
Similarly for residential minimums since
2004
Average 40% fewer spaces with new
residential buildings (steepest drops in
transit-rich areas) (Zhan Guo)
London PTAL (public transport accessiility
level) scores
Photo by Rept0n1x CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Beaufort Park Apartments, Colindale, London
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Abolishing parking minimums is not radical:
example Berlin
0.25 € / per 15 min
0.50 € / per 15 min
0.75 € / per 15 min
Off-street parking deregulation was complemented
by improved on-street management (Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst)
In the 1990s: Berlin abolished ALL parking minimums
No maximums
Result: less parking in transit-oriented locations
but little change elsewhere
(according to Dr Kunst, former head of transport for the Berlin Senate)
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Abolishing parking minimums is not radical:
example USA cities
Source: Strong Towns, http://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/18/a-
map-of-cities-that-got-rid-of-parking-minimums
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
At least make parking minimums less harmful: Japan
Simple land-use categories (only 2 main
ones) for parking minimums
Zero parking minimums for small and
medium-sized buildings <1500 m2
Low minimums generally (applying in full only for
buildings with 6,000 m2 or more):
Office: 0.3 spaces per 100 m2
Retail: 0.4 spaces per 100 m2
Residential: 0.2 to 0.3 spaces per 100 m2
(Gradually rises to these levels between 1500 and 6000 m2)
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Fix more than just the minimums
Tax and zoning anomalies
Parking usually doesn’t count as
floor area in zoning codes
Dubious evaluation practices for
city parking investments
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
SHARE! “Walkable Parking”
Towards more widespread park-once-and-walk
districts where most parking is open to the public
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Each site required to provide enough on-
site parking for its own peak parking
demand
Visitors to a site expected to park on site
Graphic by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Graphics by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Source: ITDP, Shared Parking, 2015.
Park-once-and-walk districts
Encourage parking to be open to the public
Stop requiring on-site parking
Focus on design quality not quantity
Manage on-street parking well
Parking guidance
Walkability
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Avoid permit-
holder ONLY
zones
Prefer permit
zones that give
priority to permit
holders
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
ON-STREET PARKING
UNDER CONTROL
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Weak on-street parking
management
Obstruction, double parking, cruising
On-street parking panic
Excessive parking supply
Undermining urban success
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Many cities have improved their on-street
parking management recently
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
PRICE! Responsive rationing
both on-street and off
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
GOAL: new arrivals find a space
PRICE-SETTING PRACTICE: occupancy targets
For city-owned parking
BOTH on-street AND
off-street
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007.
http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/
Price
zones:
how big?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Los Angeles Express Park
Calgary
Discourage bundling of parking costs
Unbundle parking in commercial space leases
Unbundle residential parking costs
Discourage employer-provided free parking
Avoid the oversupply that prompts bundling
ENGAGE! Engage with local stakeholders who feel a strong sense of ownership over local parking
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Can we get that snowball rolling?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
By Kamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg
COULD THIS WORK FOR YOU?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Benefits from even
small steps on each
Adaptive Parking
thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Wicker Park, Chicago, IL
Image via Google Maps
Benefits from even
small steps on each
Adaptive Parking
thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Part of central Detroit Image via Google Maps
Benefits from even small
steps on each Adaptive
Parking thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Image via Google Maps
Benefits from even small
steps on each Adaptive
Parking thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Image via Google Maps
THANK YOU Questions?
Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
@ReinventParking