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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
PALSAR studies of ice sheet motion in Antarctica
Eric Rignot
University of California Irvine, Department of Earth System ScienceIrvine, California, USA
and Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory,Pasadena, California, USA.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Plan of presentation
How we use InSAR for ice sheet studies.Results from Greenland and AntarcticaSpeckle tracking with ALOS PALSARImplications for PIG and AntISStrengths and problems of ALOS PALSARConclusions and Recommendations.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Measuring 3-D ice motion with InSAR
• InSAR is a fundamental tool for measuring ice velocity, grounding line position and their temporal variability.
• First results obtained with ERS-1 (1992), ERS tandem (1996), continued with RSAT-1 (1997-2008), and now Envisat ASAR and ALOS PALSAR.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
SAR Interferometry
Ice shelf motion around Hemmen Ice Rise, Antarctica
Images can be combined to form an interferogram that is sensitive to both topography and motion
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Vector velocity of Lambert GlacierDescending track Ascending track
Range looking direction -->
Along-track direction -->
Along-track direction --
>
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Asc./descending track combination and flow vectors.
Vector velocity of Lambert Glacier
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
ERS SAR 11/1995Track 92, 482, 81
•Longer time periods: speckle tracking (Michel and Rignot, 1999).
•Detect speckle offsets with autocorrelation technique.
•Precision = 1/128th pixel.
•5-10 m/yr with 24-day time separation (RSAT-1).
•Both x- and y- velocity with a single track.
•Tidal modulation 24 to 46 times less than with ERS-tandem data.
Vector velocity of Lambert Glacier
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Glacier mass budget
Flux Gate
Mass balance = Accumulation - Discharge
Surface input : regional climate model calibrated or validated with ice cores and AWS (5-10%)
Outflow: Ice thickness from radio echo sounding (10 m) or hydrostatic equilibrium (80 m). Ice velocity from InSAR (5-20 m/yr).
Mass balance within 5-20%.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Hinge line↑
↓InSAR GL (~ 1km from HL)
Grounding lines
Complete mapping of GL north of 81oS.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Antarctic mass balance from InSAR and RACMO2/ANT 1996-2006
EAIS 1996 -4±61 Gt/yrEAIS 2000 -4±61 Gt/yrEAIS 2006 -4±61 Gt/yr
WAIS 1996 -83±59 Gt/yrWAIS 2000 -106±60 Gt/yrWAIS 2006 -132±50 Gt/yr
AP 1996 -25±45 Gt/yrAP 2000 -25±45 Gt/yrAP 2006 -60±46Gt/yr
Antarctic mass loss increased from-112 to -196 Gt/yr in 10 years.
Rignot et al., Nature Geosc. 2008
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Greenland mass balance1957-2007.
• Mass loss: 150±65 Gt/yr in 1960s, 40±55 Gt/yr in 1970s-1980s, and tripled from 100±55Gt/yr to 290±55Gt/yr in 1996-2007.• 60% of the loss is due to an increase in ice discharge (D), 40% from an increase in runoff, precipitation is unchanged.
Rignot E., J. E. Box, E. Burgess, E. Hanna (2008), Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from 1958 to 2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20502, doi:10.1029/2008GL035417.
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007
Gt/
yr
Surface mass balance anomaly
Ice discharge anomaly reconstructed
Ice discharge anomaly observed
Total mass balance reconstructed
Total mass balance observed
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
PALSAR approach
• Speckle tracking technique over 46 days FBS data.
• Pros: L-band procures better coherence than C-band (SIR-C 1994).
• Cons: L-band more sensitive to ionosphere and low SNR on wet snow; long repeat cycle.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
PALSAR Speckle Tracking:Getz Ice Shelf, Antarctica
(Radarsat-1 and Envisat ASAR C-band show poor coherence)
Radar amplitude Filtered offsets Velocity magnitude
(slant-range geometry)
Crosson Ice Shelf
Dotson Ice Shelf
Low coherence
High coherence
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008Geocoded velocity Track Mosaic
Crosson Ice Shelf
Dotson Ice Shelf
Getz Ice Shelf, Antarctica
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Crosson and Dotson ice shelves, West Antarctica
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
NASA/NSF Larsen C(UCI/JPL, Univ. Colorado, CECS, NASA/Wallops,
Univ. Utrecht)
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Antarctic Peninsula
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
George VI north
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Wilkins Ice Shelf
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Pine Island Glacier, WAIS
Rignot, 1998.Thomas, Rignot et al., 2004
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Pine Island 1996-2007
200619962007
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
ALOS PALSAR PIB ERS-1/2 tandem
RSAT-1PALSAR
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Pine Island Glacier velocity
changes
Rignot, GRL 2008
Speed up predicted by Thomas et al (2004).
MODIS 2002-2007 suggests the glacier retreated over the entire ice plain.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Antarctic mass balance
GRACE from 2002-2005:-148±21 Gt/yr (Velicogna and Wahr, 2006)
Within error bars ofInSAR/RACMO2
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Pine Island Glacier:
MODIS GL
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Grounding line mapping with ALOS PALSAR
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
NASA Measure Project• Create Earth Science Data Record (ESDR): ice velocity of Antarctica and distribute them at NSIDC, Boulder, CO.• Data from ERS-1/2 tandem (1996), Radarsat-1 (1997, 2000), Envisat (2007, 2008) and ALOS PALSAR (2006/2007, 2008, 2009).• Three mosaics: 1996/1997 (ERS,RSAT), 2006/2007 (ALOS,Envisat), and 2008/2009 (ALOS,Envisat).
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica ENVISAT ASAR
Very low accumulation, ASAR provides excellent mapping
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Strengths and Problems of PALSAR
• Strengths: high coherence in critical (wet) sectors of Antarctica.• Strengths: mapping of grounding lines possible.• Strengths: highest precision in ice velocity mapping.• Strengths: systematic mappings of Antarctica (2006, 2007, 2008).
• Problems: effects of ionosphere, minor so far.• Problems: range ambiguities introduce artifacts, be careful in low backscatter
areas.• Problems: data acquisition is limited, no more than 3 consecutive cycles.• Problems: data distributed in individual frames instead of continuous swaths.
• Overall evaluation: ALOS PALSAR is one of the best mapping tool for ice motion.
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ALOS PI Symposium, Nov. 3-7 2008
Conclusions and recommendations
Conclusions:
• ALOS PALSAR extremely useful for ice sheet motion mapping. • ERS-1/2, Radarsat-1, Envisat ASAR, ALOS PALSAR will be our major
data source for the NASA Measure project.• Results obtained in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica confirm
acceleration of mass loss.
Recommendations:
• Continue yearly Antarctic mapping, include 4 consecutive cycles instead of 3 consecutive cycles.
• Introduce a yearly mapping of Greenland ice velocities.• Establish a set of critical tracks in Greenland to monitor major glacier
evolution (same for Envisat ASAR).• Ice should be a major science objective of ALOS PALSAR and its follow
on missions.