Download - P6 radioactive materials revision
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Revision forP6: Radioactive Materials
Learning Objective:• To review the key areas in
preparation for the P6 Exam.
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Nuclear Radiation
• Comes from the nucleus• Nucleus contains neutrons and protons• Electrons orbit around the edge
NucleusElectrons
Two isotopes of Carbon – both have 6 protons but different numbers of neutrons.
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3 Types of Radiation
Alpha• Very ionising• Not very penetrating• Absorbed by paper or dead skin cells• Stopped by only a few centimetres of air
Beta• Slightly ionising• Absorbed by aluminium or half a metre of air
Gamma• Not very ionising• Very penetrating• Absorbed by lead or thick concrete
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Efficiency
• Efficiency, as a percentage, is worked out by:
• The more efficient the object is the less energy is wasted or dissipated in an wasteful way
• Be able to interpret energy flow diagrams
Useful energy outx100
Total energy in
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Background Radiation
The dose of radiation is measured in sieverts Sv,
or millisieverts
mSv.
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Contamination IrradiationThis is when the source is inside the body, or on your skin and will affect you all of the time.
This is when a source outside the body affects you – but only when you are near it.
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What happens when radiation hits a cell?
Radiation passes straight
through
If it hits a sex cell it could
cause a mutation by changing a
gene
Damaged – but repairs itself
The DNA is damaged and the cell develops out of control – a cancer has
begun
It is killed
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Energy Resources
Primary Energy Source:
• A source of energy not made from any other sort of energy source
• e.g. fossil fuels and uranium
Secondary Energy Source:
• A source of energy that can be distributed easily but has been manufactured using a primary energy source
• e.g. electricity
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Renewable: Non-Renewable:Will not run oute.g. wind, solar, tides…
Fossil Fuels – will run out; release waste including carbon dioxide; e.g. coal, oil, gas
Nuclear Fuels – There are large amounts but not infinite, they release radioactive waste which has to be handled carefully; e.g. Uranium
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Fossil Fuel Power Station
Be able to label a diagram like this
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Nuclear Power Station
Know the differences between these 2 diagrams
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Fission
Neutron
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Chain ReactionUncontrolled – causes a nuclear bomb
Controlled – used in a power station
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Half Life
The half life of a radioactive substance is the amount of time it takes for the activity (amount of
radiation that is given out) to fall to half the previous value.
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3 Types of Waste
Low Level• e.g. protective clothing and medical equipment• Packed in drums and put in a special landfill site
Intermediate Level• Less dangerous that high level waste
High Level• E.g. spent/old fuel rods• This gets hot as it is so radioactive, it’s kept in a
pool of water to absorb the heat
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Health and Radioactive Materials
Some questions will expect you to understand and / or discuss:
• ALARA• Risks and Benefit• Precautionary Principle• Perceived risk and Actual risk