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OUTCOMES
• STANDARDIZED SCALES LIKE CES-D
• ADD UP SYMPTOMS
• CONTINUOUS – FROM MILD TO SEVERE
• INDICATOR OF DISTRESS
• GENERAL NOT DIAGNOSTIC
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CURRENT SOCIAL THEORY
• LEONARD PEARLIN – THE STRESS PROCESS
• DIFFERENCES WITH SRRS
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1. STRESSORS (CAUSES)
• 1. EMPHASIZES POSITION IN SOCIAL STRUCTURES - SOCIAL CLASS, ETHNIC, GENDER
• 2. EMPHASIZES SOCIAL ROLES - OVERLOAD, CONFLICT, CAPTIVITY
• 3. CONNECTION OF STRESSORS - STRESS PROLIFERATION (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STRESSORS)
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TYPES OF STRESSORS
• 1. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS• LOSS OF ATTACHMENTS - DEATH,
DIVORCE, ROMANTIC BREAKUPS• 2. SUBORDINATE SOCIAL STATUS • WORK ROLES, GENDER ROLES, LOW
SOCIAL CLASS• 3. FAILURE TO ACHIEVE SOCIAL GOALS• REJECTION, FAILURE TO ACHIEVE
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NEW CATEGORIES OF STRESSORS (WHEATON)
• 1. CHRONIC STRESSORS
• 2. LIFETIME TRAUMAS
• 3. DAILY HASSLES
• 4. DISASTERS
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DIMENSIONS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS
• UNEXPECTABLE VS. EXPECTABLE
• POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE PREEXISTING CONTEXT OF EVENT
• NEGATIVE POST-EVENT CONTEXT– SECONDARY STRESSORS
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STRESS PROCESS
• 1. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT EMBEDDED IN SOCIAL POSITIONS
• 2. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT INTERCONNECTED
• 3. MORE DIVERSE CATEGORIES OF EVENTS
• 4. IMPORTANCE OF MEDIATORS
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STRESSORS MEDIATORS OUTCOME
THREE ELEMENTS OF STRESS PROCESS
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MEDIATORS
• WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH MANY STRESSORS HAVE LOW DISTRESS
• WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH FEW STRESSORS HAVE HIGH DISTRESS
• MAKE PEOPLE MORE OR LESS VULNERABLE OR RESILIENT TO THE STRESSORS THEY FACE
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MEDIATORS (TURNER)
• SOCIAL RESOURCES
• 1. SUPPORT - SENSE OF BEING CARED FOR, BELONGING, WANTED
• ONE INTIMATE
• STRONG FAMILY TIES, RELIGION
• 2. MATERIAL SUPPORT
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SOCIAL COMPARISON
• STRESSFULNESS DEPENDS ON REFERENCE GROUP
• INCOME
• QUADRIPLEGICS
• DOWNWARD COMPARISONS BETTER THAN UPWARD COMPARISONS
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CONTROL
• ACTIVE COPING BETTER THAN PASSIVE COPING (MASTERY VS. FATALISM)
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TREATMENT
• ONLY THEORY WITH NO DIRECT TREATMENT ASPECT
• CHANGE ENVIRONMENT - “FRESH STARTS”
• MUCH DISTRESS TRANSIENT (9-11)
• IMPORTANCE OF INFORMAL SUPPORT
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CRITICISMS OF SOCIAL
• IGNORES HOW MENTAL SYMPTOMS ARE DEEPLY ROOTED IN INDIVIDUALS NOT SITUATIONS
• NOT GOOD FOR EXPLAINING MOST SERIOUS TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• UNSPECIFIC TREATMENT COMPONENT
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STRENGTHS
• BETTER AT EXPLAINING DISTRESS THAN PARTICULAR MENTAL ILLNESSES
• BETTER AT LOOKING AT GROUP, RATHER THAN AT INDIVIDUAL, DIFFERENCES
• EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL AND CURRENT CAUSES OF DISTRESS