Download - ORGANISATION OF LIVING ORGANISM
ORGANISATION OF LIVING ORGANISMTAYYAB AHMAD SULEHRI
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIC PARTS OF CELL.
• TO UNDERSTAND THE OGRANELLES
LECTURE CONTENTS
• SLIDES
• PICTURES
• VIDEOS
• ACTIVITY
• ONLINE ACTIVITY
THE CELL
• ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF UNITS CALLED CELLS.
COMMON FEATURES OF CELLS
ALL CELLS SHARE SOME COMMON FEATURES WHICH ARE:
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CYTOPLASM
• NUCLEUS
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL
• CELL MEMBRANE:
• THIS IS THE MEMBRANE WHICH SURROUNDS THE CYTOPLASM.
• IT CONTROLS THE ENTRY AND EXIT OF DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES AND SEPARATES THE CELL’S
CONTENTS FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL
• NUCLEUS:
• NUCLEUS IS THE ORGANELLE IN CELL USUALLY PRESENT AT THE CENTER OF THE CELL.
• IT CONTAINS THE GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA).
• THIS CARRIES THE CODED INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTROLLING THE ACTIVITIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CELL.
• THE CHROMOSOMES ONLY BECOME VISIBLE DURING CELL DIVISION.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL
• CYTOPLASM:
• IT IS THE LIQUID AREA PRESENT BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND CELL MEMBRANE.
• IT CONTAINS WATER AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES SUCH AS SUGAR AND SALTS.
• ALL ORGANELLES ARE PRESENT IN CYTOPLASM.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL
• RIBOSOMES
• THESE ARE GRANULES PRESENT AT THE SURFACE OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
• PROTEINS ARE MADE IN RIBOSOMES.
• .
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIA:
• MITOCHONDRIA ARE POWERHOUSES OF CELL, THEY PROVIDE ENERGY TO CELLS BY (AEROBIC)
RESPIRATION.
• LARGE NUMBERS OF MITOCHONDRIA IN A CELL INDICATE A HIGH RATE OF METABOLISM.
• HTTPS://WWW.CENTREOFTHECELL.ORG/LEARN-PLAY/GAMES/EXPLORE-A-CELL/
• HTTPS://WWW.PURPOSEGAMES.COM/GAME/716E85A2
END OF LECTURE 1
• DAIRY:
• PARTS OF CELL DONE.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL• CELL WALL:
• IT IS MADE UP OF CELLULOSE.
• IT PROTECTS THE PLANT CELL, GIVE SUPPORT AND SHAPE.
• IT PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND PROTECT AGAINST DAMAGE CAUSED BY OSMOTIC
INTAKE OF WATER.
• THE CELL WALL IS FREELY PERMEABLE TO WATER AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL• CHLOROPLAST:
• IT IS USED TO MANUFACTURE FOOD FOR PLANT BY USING SUNLIGHT.
• IT CONTAIN THE PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL (FOR LIGHT ABSORPTION) AND THE ENZYMES
NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLUCOSE BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL• VACUOLES:
• THESE ARE STORAGE ORGANELLE PRESENT IN BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL.
• IN ANIMAL CELL VACUOLES ARE LARGE IN NUMBER BUT SMALL IN SIZE.
• INVOLVE IN:
• DIGESTION AND EXCRETION
• IN PLANT CELL VACUOLE IS LARGE WITH CENTRAL POSITION.
• INVOLVE IN:
• TURGOR PRESSURE AND STORAGE AND EXCRETION.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL
END OF LECTURE 2
CALCULATION OF THE SPECIMEN
• THE SIZE OF A STRUCTURE OR AN ORGANISM IS MEASURED IN UNITS OF LENGTH.
• WHEN DIAGRAM IS MADE, OR A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN, IT MAY NOT BE EASY TO DIRECTLY
SHOW THE CORRECT SIZE-FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE STRUCTURE IS EXTREMELY SMALL OR VERY
LARGE.
• THE CORRECT(OR TRUE) SIZE OF AN ORGANISM CAN BE CALCULATED USING A COMBINATION
OF ACTUAL MEASUREMENT AND A KNOWN MAGNIFICATION.
• 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
MEASUREMENT OF ACTUAL SIZE
• 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒) 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
END OF LECTURE 3 AND 4
RED BLOOD CELL
• IT TRANSPORT OXYGEN FROM THE LUNGS TO THE TISSUE WHERE AEROBIC
RESPIRATION OCCURS.
• IT HAS NO NUCLEUS AND ARE VERY FLEXIBLE.
• CYTOPLASM FILLED WITH PIGMENT HAEMOGLOBIN, WHICH CARRIES OXYGEN.
MUSCLE CELL
• IT CONTRACTS SO THAT STRUCTURES CAN BE BROUGHT CLOSER TOGETHER.
• MUSCLES ARE LONG, AND HAVE MANY PROTEIN FIBERS IN THE CYTOPLASM.
• THESE FIBRES CAN SHORTEN THE CELL WHEN ENERGY IS AVAILABLE.
CILIATED CELL
• IT HAS A LAYER OF TINY HAIRS WHICH CAN MOVE AND PUSH MUCUS FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER.
• THE MUCUS CAN TRANSPORT TRAPPED DUST AND MICROBES WHEN IT IS PUSHED BY THE CILIA
MOTOR NERVE CELL• IT CONDUCTS NERVE IMPULSE.
• THE CELL HAS LONG FIBRE CALLED AN AXON ALONG WHICH IMPULSES TRAVEL, A FATTY
SHEATH WHICH GIVES ELECTRICAL INSULATION AND A MANY-BRANCHED ENDING WHICH
CAN CONNECT WITH MANY OTHER CELLS.
ROOT HAIR CELL
• IT ABSORBS MINERAL AND WATER FROM THE SOIL WATER.
• THE CELL HAS A LONG EXTENSION (A ROOT HAIR) WHICH INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA FOR
THE ABSORPTION OF MATERIALS.
XYLEM VESSEL:• IT TRANSPORTS WATER AND SUPPORTS THE PLANT.
• THE CELL HAS NO CYTOPLASM (SO WATER CAN PASS FREELY), NO END WALL (SO THAT MANY
CELLS CAN FORM CONTINUOUS TUBE) AND WALLS STRENGTHENED WITH A WATERPROOF
SUBSTANCE CALLED LIGNIN.
WHAT I AM ?
WHAT I AM ?
WHAT I AM ?
WHAT I AM ?
WHAT I AM ?
WHAT I AM ?
END OF LECTURE 5
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
ATOM
• THESE ARE THE SMALLEST PARTICLES THAT ATTAIN THE PROPERTIES OF SOME ELEMENT
• LIKE: HYDROGEN, OXYGEN.
MOLECULE
• TWO ARE MORE ATOMS ARE JOINED TO FORM MOLECULE.
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MOLECULES
Micromolecules Macromolecules
Which have few number of atoms
Like:
Water, glucose, carbon dioxide
These molecules have so many atoms
Like:
Protein, DNA.
TISSUE
• TISSUE IS A GROUP OF CELLS WITH SIMILAR STRUCTURE WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A
SPECIFIC FUNCTION.
• LIKE:
ORGAN
• ORGAN IS A GROUP OF TISSUES THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC AND
SPECIALIZED FUNCTION.
ORGAN SYSTEM
• RELATED ORGANS ARE FUNCTIONED TOGETHER TO PERFORM A RELATED FUNCTION.
• ONE ORGAN CAN BE A PART OF MORE THAN ONE SYSTEMS
• LIKE:
INDIVIDUAL
ALL SYSTEM ARE COMBINED TO MAKE A WORKING BODY WHICH WE CALLED INDIVIDUAL
ACTIVITY
LECTURE 6