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ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCarbon: the element of life
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Important Terms to Know• Organic molecule: anything containing carbon• Carbon is an essential molecule in all living things• Can make up to 4 bonds with other atoms- versatile
• Monomer: a single unit
• Polymer: a structure made of many single units, or monomers
• Example: a beaded necklace• The beads are all monomers• The necklace, put together, is a polymer.
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Carbohydrates• Carbohydrate monomers are called monosaccharides
• Monomer examples• Glucose (C6H1206)
• Galactose (C6H1206)
• Fructose (C6H1206)
• General Structure of the monomer- a ring
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Carbohydrates• Functions• Provide short term energy to an organism• Provides structure to cell walls (cellulose)
• Polymers
Name of polymer Function
Cellulose Structure for plant cell walls
Starch Energy storage for plants, in vacuole
Glycogen Energy storage in animals, in liver and muscles
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Carbohydrates
Fun Facts• The human body can not digest cellulose!• Anyone want to provide evidence for this?
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Lipids• Lipids are also known as fats• Monomers are made of (there are no polymers):
1. A glycerol2. At least one fatty acid tail• Examples of lipids are: monoglyceride, triglyceride,
saturated fat, unsaturated fat
• General Structure
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Lipids• Functions• Provide long term energy
to an organism• Provides structure of cell
membranes (phospholipids)• Insulation
• Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats• Saturated fats have
hydrogens at every possible spot (solids)
• Unsaturated fats have at
least one double bond (liquids)
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Lipids
Fun Facts
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Proteins• Protein monomers are called amino acids
• Monomer examples- there are 20 different amino acids• Valine, tryptophan, serine
• General Structure of the monomer-
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Proteins• Functions (just a few- there are MANY!)• Make up muscle• Make reactions happen
faster (catalyst)- ENZYMES• Make antibodies to help
you fight infections- ANTIBODIES
• Polymers look like this:• they are HUGE and very
complex
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Nucleic Acids• Nucleic acid monomers are called nucleotides
• Monomers (nucleotides) are made up of 1. Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G- or U in RNA) 2. Phosphate group 3. 5 carbon sugar (either deoxyribose-DNA or ribose-RNA)
• General Structure of the monomer-
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Nucleic Acids• Functions• Code of life• Central dogma of biology: DNA RNA Protein - - Traits
• Polymers
Name of polymer Function
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Permanent code for all traits
RNA (ribonucleic acid) Disposable copy of genes- code for a protein
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Nucleic Acids• DNA- double helix
• RNA- single stranded
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Foods?• What foods that you eat contain each of these 4 organic molecules?• Carbohydrates?
• Lipids?
• Proteins?
• Nucleic Acids?