CONCEPT: ALDEHYDE NOMENCLATURE
Replace the suffix of the alkane “-e” with the suffix __________
● On the parent chain, the carbonyl is always terminal, and ____________ receive a location
● As substituents, they receive the name ______________________________ and _____ receive a location
EXAMPLE: Correctly name the following aldehyde.
EXAMPLE: Correctly name the following aldehyde.
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CONCEPT: KETONE NOMENCLATURE
Replace the suffix of the alkane “-e” with the suffix __________
● Ketones have higher priority than most groups in Orgo 1, including alcohols
● When assigning common names to ketones, name both R-groups alphabetically, ending with “______________”
EXAMPLE: Correctly name the following ketone.
1.
EXAMPLE: Correctly name the following ketone.
2.
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CONCEPT: INTRO TO REDOX
● Oxidation reactions involve an increase in the ______________ content of a molecule
● Reduction reactions involve an increase in the ______________ content of a molecule
EXAMPLE: Label the following transformations as oxidation or reduction.
a.
b.
c.
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CONCEPT: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
□ One of the most important ways that carbonyl compounds react is through nucleophilic addition.
● The carbonyl carbon is _____________________________
Nucleophilic Addition General Mechanism:
Nucleophilic Addition General Reactions:
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CONCEPT: ORGANOMETALLICS
1. Nucleophilic Addition on Ketones and Aldehydes
EXAMPLE: Show the mechanism and predict the product for the following reaction.
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction dealing with the Grignard reagent.
Br
Mg
Ether (ROR)
O
H3O+
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction dealing with the Grignard reagent.
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction dealing with the Grignard reagent.
Br
OH
TMS-Cl
N(Et)3
A
Mg
Ether (ROR)
O
H3O+
B C
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CONCEPT: CYANOHYDRINS
Cyanide Addition: Cyanohydrins
Cyanohydrin Hydrolysis: Cyanohydrin Reduction:
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
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CONCEPT: THE WITTIG REACTION
The Wittig forms new carbon-carbon bonds between carbonyl and reactive intermediate called an “ylide” to yield
regiospecific _____________
Formation of the Ylide:
● STEP 1 – Alkyl Halide + Triphenylphosphine
● STEP 2 – Deprotonation with a Strong Base
● STEP 3 – Form Oxaphosphetane (mechanism) or Box-Out Method (product).
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PRACTICE: Determine the carbonyl and ylide that formed the following product.
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CONCEPT: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION OF SOLVENTS
These are reactions that are induced primarily by the extraordinary reactivity at the carbonyl carbon
● The carbonyl carbon is so reactive that it even reacts with some _________________
● Most of these mechanisms are acid-catalyzed — all are fully reversible in mild acid (H3O+).
□ Protonation is always the first step, deprotonation is always the last (restores the catalyst)
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CONCEPT: HYDRATES
Carbonyl + Water
● In carbonyls with large –R groups, the equilibrium is greatly shifted to the ____________
EXAMPLE: Show the mechanism and predict the equilibrium for the following reaction.
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CONCEPT: HEMIACETALS
Technically, an __________ is the product of alcohol and aldehyde, while ____________ is alcohol and ketone.
● We will simply use the word “acetal” to represent these gem-diether structures in general
● Hemiacetals are only stable when they are ________________.
Carbonyl + 1 Eq. Alcohol
● Acid-Catalyzed Hemiacetal Formation
● Base-Catalyzed Hemiacetal Formation
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CONCEPT: ACETALS
Acetals are stable in ____________ and are easily hydrolyzed back to carbonyls using _________
● Cyclic acetals are formed by reacting carbonyls with a ______________
Carbonyl + 2 Eq. Alcohol
● Acid-Catalyzed Hemiacetal Formation
● Acid-Catalyzed Acetal Formation
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PRACTICE: Provide the chemical steps necessary for the following synthesis.
O
?O O
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PRACTICE: Provide the chemical steps necessary for the following synthesis.
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PRACTICE: Determine the starting materials based on the acetal group present.
O
O
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CONCEPT: ACETALS AS PROTECTING GROUPS
There is a huge difference in reactivity between a carbonyl and an acetal. Which do you think is more reactive?
Acetals are used to protect sensitive aldehydes and ketones from reaction with other reagents, since they are reversible.
EXAMPLE: Propose a reagent to perform the following transformation. More than one reagent may be required.
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PRACTICE: Provide the chemical steps necessary for the following synthesis.
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PRACTICE: Provide the chemical steps necessary for the following synthesis.
H
NO
H CH3
OO?
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CONCEPT: THIOACETALS AND RANEY NICKEL REDUCTION
Via an almost identical mechanism, thiols can react with aldehydes and ketones to produce thioacetals
The Raney nickel catalyst is a convenient way to _____________________ carbonyls altogether
EXAMPLE: Predict the products of the following reaction
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CONCEPT: IMINES AND ENAMINES
Primary Amine Addition: Imines Secondary Amine Addition: Enamines
□ All products produce iminium cation, where the deprotonation step will depend on type of amine used.
Imine Mechanism:
Enamine Mechanism:
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CONCEPT: ADDITION OF AMMONIA DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE: Predict the products of the following reaction.
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CONCEPT: OXIDATION
□ Oxidizing agents are used to oxidize molecules
● Most oxidizing agents add as much oxygen as possible while not breaking ANY C-C bonds.
EXAMPLE: Which of the following compounds could be oxidized?
□ These are called strong oxidizing agents. They include KMnO4 and the Cr6+ reagents (H2Cr2O4, CrO3, K2Cr2O7, etc.)
EXAMPLE: Draw the products of the previous molecules with a strong oxidizing agent
□ PCC is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts similar but can only add ____ equivalent of oxygen to 1º alcohols.
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following oxidation reaction.
CH3
CH3 CH3
OHOH
OH PCC
CH2Cl2
PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following oxidation reaction.
CH3CH2 1. O3
2. Zn, CH3CO2H
PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following oxidation reaction.
KMnO4
H+
OH
OH
OH
PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following oxidation reaction.
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PRACTICE: Determine the major product for the following reaction.
PRACTICE: Determine the major product for the following reaction.
PRACTICE: Provide the necessary reagents for the following transformation.
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CONCEPT: WEAK OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE
Ozonolysis: Ketones + Aldehydes + Formaldehyde
PRACTICE: Predict the products of the following reaction
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CONCEPT: ALDEHYDES VIA REDUCING AGENTS
All of the reducing agents we have learned so far are so powerful that they yield alcohols.
● We need to use milder reducing agents to yield aldehydes.
1. Typical strong reduction of carbonyls is accomplished via the use of ____________________
2. We can reduce the power of the reducing agent by making it sterically hindered: _________________________
3. There is another reagent we can use to only induce one equivalent of hydrogen to a carbonyl: _____________
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CONCEPT: REDUCTIVE AMINATION
Recall that ketones and aldehydes can react with primary amines in acidic conditions to form imines.
● This mechanism passed through an important intermediate called an iminium cation.
Ketones and aldehydes can be made to form amines instead by using the reducing agent, NaBH3CN on the imine.
● This mechanism starts the same, except for the fact that we reduce the imine instead of deprotonating it
EXAMPLE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
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CONCEPT: ALKYNE HYDRATION
□ Vinyl alcohols are uniquely reactive due to a phenomenon called tautomerization.
● They reversibly swap the positions of a ___________ and a _____ bond.
Oxymercuration of Alkynes
□ Product: __________________________
Hydroboration of Alkynes
□ Product: __________________________
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CONCEPT: WOLFF-KISCHNER REDUCTION
This reaction sequence is used to completely remove carbonyls from alkane chains, much like:
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
Mechanism:
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CONCEPT: ALPHA CARBONS AND TAUTOMERIZATION
We have discussed the high reactivity of the carbonyl carbon.
However, carbonyls contain another highly reactive component.
● What is the acidity of the β-carbon? ____________
● What is the acidity of the α-carbon? ____________
● Which phenomenon is responsible for this difference?
Tautomerization General Reaction:
Acid-Catalyzed Mechanism:
Base-Catalyzed Mechanism:
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PRACTICE: Draw the enol tautomer for the following compound.
Cyclopentanone
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CONCEPT: TAUTOMERS OF DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS
● Most carbonyl compounds favor the ______________ tautomer
● β-dicarbonyl compounds favor the _____________ tautomer due to _________________ and _____________________
● β-dicarbonyl compounds are exceptionally acidic due to the high stability of the conjugate base
● If the α-carbon exists as a chiral center, that carbon will ALWAYS BE ____________________
EXAMPLE: Which of the following ketones is the most acidic?
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CONCEPT: ENOLATES
Upon deprotonation, the α-carbon forms a resonance-stabilized intermediate structure called an _________________
● Both notations can be used to represent an enolate
● Note that the negative charge now rests on the _____________________
● This makes the α-carbon of the enolate a good __________________________
General Reactions of Enolates:
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CONCEPT: ELECTROPHILIC α-HALOGENATIONS
Acid-Catalyzed α-halogenation: Always yields _________-halogenation
PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
CH3
OBr2
H+
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CONCEPT: ELECTROPHILIC α-HALOGENATIONS
Base-Catalyzed α-halogenation: May yield _________-halogenation
PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
OBr2 excess
NaOH
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CONCEPT: ELECTROPHILIC α-HALOGENATIONS
The Haloform Reaction: Base-Catalyzed α-halogenation of _______________ ______________
● The α-carbon is transformed into a good ________________________ through successive halogenations.
PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
OBr2 excess
NaOH
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
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PRACTICE: Provide the major product for the following reaction.
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PRACTICE: Provide the chemical steps necessary for the following synthesis.
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