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Optimizing
Herbicides
through
Adjuvants
Rich Zollinger
ND State University
Adjuvants are like a lot of things
some work and some don‟t
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Minot, ND – January, 2011 Jan 28, 2014 = -49 F (wind chill)
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Minot, ND – January, 2011
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Dr. John Nalewaja
Dr. Frank Manthey
Dr. Alan Dexter
Dr. Cal Messersmith
Dr. Bill Ahrens
Dr. Brad Ramsdale
Dr. Kirk Howatt
>20 Visiting scientists from Europe and S. Africa
2011 2012 2013 FCS Nat Champions
Contributions to adjuvant/formulation development: Methylated Seed Oil (MSO)
Basic pH Blend
Hard water herbicide antagonism
Function of ammonium sulfate
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Dr. Albert Einstein Kurt Gödel
Princeton University
1933-1955
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Adjuvants are non-regulated
High cost of petroleum =
Change adjuvant formulations
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Adjuvants are unregulated!
“Snake oil” “Mouse milk”
“High octane perfume”
slough water artesian water
alcohol antifreeze
H2O2 sugar
Blue windshield wiper fluid
Clorox Humic acid
Cell voltage regulators
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RU WeatherMax = No surfactant use information
RU PowerMax =
Full surfactant load glyphosate label - 3 lb ae/gal =
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Hard-to-wet Easy-to-wet
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Which weed retains spray droplets the LEAST…
the most water repellant
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Surface tension – droplets on leaf surface
Velvetleaf
Lambsquarters
Redroot pigeed
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NIS
NIS
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Droplet retention - So what!
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Enlist and RU Xtend = New Technology
Cant use sloppy application
Particle drift (including inversions)
Volatilization
Sprayer cleanout - contamination
Misapplication
www.state.me.us
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Emerging Weed Mngt Traits Dicamba resistant soybean (Monsanto/BASF)
• Follow Best Management Practices (BMPs)
- Nozzles = extreme-ultra coarse droplets - >450 µm
- <15 mph travel speed
- 3-10 wind speed
- <24 inch boom height
- Observe buffer zones
- Add drift reducing agent
- Sprayer clean out using triple rinse +
alkaline agent + detergent
- Do not add AMS
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Open comment period ends Spring 2012.
Drift Reduction Technology (DRT)
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Sprayer / Spray Solution
Modifications
Star rating determines buffer
distance around field perimeter!
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Some DRT conclusions
Something has been forgotten in all this DRT
discombobulation – What is it?
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Very coarse vs. Fine
Droplet size
28 days after application of phenoxy
type herbicide
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Insight #3 - Water conditioner adjuvants?
Do they really condition water?
# 3
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ND Weed Control Guide
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= 600 to 1,200 ppm
= 120 to 600 ppm
= 50 to 150 ppm
= 20 to 150 ppm
=1,200 to 2,500 ppm
1,200 to 2,500 ppm
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Lambsquarters
Glyphosate at 1 lb ae/A
Ca + Mg @ 1,000 ppm
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Control with glyphosate as influenced by adjuvant 4 WAT,
Manhattan, KS 2005 – D. Peterson
Treatment
Rate
Velvet-
Leaf
Sorghum
Corn
Sun-
flower
---------------(% control)--------------
Roundup WMax +: 8 oz 40 60 52 73
AMS 5 % v/v 72 90 82 90
AMS + NIS 2.5% v/v 77 95 86 95
WCA #1 1.25% v/v 65 83 77 90
WCA #2 0.5% v/v 30 47 42 60
WCA #3 0.5% v/v 37 58 50 75
WCA #4 0.5% v/v 42 50 50 85
WCA #5 1% v/v 43 57 53 80
WCA #6 0.25% v/v 33 50 47 70
WCA #7 2.2 lb/100G 37 40 40 78
WCA #7 0.5% v/v 62 68 67 90
LSD (5%) 7 9 7 7
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Water Conditioning Adjuvants –
standardized test method
Rich Zollinger – North Dakota State Univ.
Mark Bernards – U of Nebraska
Dallas Peterson – Kansas State University
Bryan Young – Southern Illinois University
Greg Dahl and Joe Gednalski – Winfield Solutions, MN
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Water Conditioner adjuvants
• Request = Water conditioner (WC)
• Helfire = Acidic WC
• N-Tense = WC + NIS
• Array = AMS + Deposition + Defoamer
• Bronc Max = AMS + WC
• Choice Weather Master = AMS + WC
• Cayuse Plus = AMS + NIS
• Class Act NG = AMS + NIS
• Bronc Plus Dry EDT = AMS + NIS
• Flame = AMS + NIS
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Glyphosate with water conditioners (1,000 ppm water hardness)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
WC 10
WC 9
WC 8
WC 7
WC 6
WC 5
WC 4
WC 3
WC 2
WC 1
% control
Ve
lve
tle
af
Ave of 4 locations, 2010
+ NIS + AMS
+ NIS
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Glyphosate with water conditioners (1,000 ppm water hardness)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
WC 10
WC 9
WC 8
WC 7
WC 6
WC 5
WC 4
WC 3
WC 2
WC 1
% control
Ave
of
bro
ad
lea
f sp
ecie
s
Ave of 5 locations, 2010
+ NIS + AMS
+ NIS
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Glyphosate with water conditioners (1,000 ppm water hardness)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
WC 10
WC 9
WC 8
WC 7
WC 6
WC 5
WC 4
WC 3
WC 2
WC 1
% control
Ave
of
gra
ss s
pe
cie
s
Ave of 3 locations, 2010
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Glyphosate with water conditioners (1,000 ppm water hardness)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
WC 10
WC 9
WC 8
WC 7
WC 6
WC 5
WC 4
WC 3
WC 2
WC 1
% control
Ave
of
bro
ad
lea
f sp
ecie
s
Ave of 4 locations, 2010
WC 1 = 0.5% v/v
WC 2 = 0.5% v/v
WC 3 = 0.5% v/v
WC 4 = 0.5% v/v
WC 5 = 0.5% v/v
WC 6 = 9 lb/100 gal
WC 7 = 0.5% v/v
WC 8 = 0.5% v/v
WC 9 = 10 lb/100 gal
WC10 = 2.5% v/v
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Emerging Weed Mngt Traits Dicamba resistant soybean (Monsanto/BASF)
• Follow Best Management Practices (BMPs)
- Nozzles = extreme-ultra coarse droplets - >450 µm
- <15 mph travel speed
- 3-10 wind speed
- <24 inch boom height
- Observe buffer zones
- Add drift reducing agent
- Sprayer clean out using triple rinse +
alkaline agent + detergent
- Do not add AMS
AMS
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Volatility of dicamba Volatility
Banvel = dicamba-dma salt 3% (dimethyl amine)
Clarity = dicamba-dga salt 0.3% (diglycol amine)
Engenia = dicamba- BAPMA salt 0.03% (Bis(3-aminopropyl)methyl amine))
Banvel + AMS >3% (?)
Clarity + AMS >3%
Engenia + AMS ~0.3%
How much dicamba can induce soybean injury?
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Insight #4 - Adjuvant use in glyphosate
tank-mixtures?
Conundrum!
Hydrophilic glyphosate +
Lipophilic tank-mix herbicide
# 4
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#1 Soybean Weed in NC Region
?
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#1 Soybean Weed in NC Region
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The “Fantastic Five” tankmix pardners
Glyphosate +
1. Clethodim (Select)
2. Dicamba (Status)
3. Laudis/Impact/Callisto (HPPD)
4. Sharpen
5. Flexstar
Conundrum with adjuvant selection!
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ND Weed Control Guide
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ASTM Adjuvant Defintions
HSOC = enhance lipophilic herbicide without antagonizing glyphosate (hydrophilic herbicide).
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ASTM Adjuvant Defintions
Crop oil concentrate (PO) = emulsifiable petroleum oil-based products containing 15-20% surfactant and remainder phytobland oil.
High surfactant oil conc. (HSOC) = emulsifiable oil (PO or MSO) based products containing 20-50% surfactant and a minimum of 50% oil.
HSOC definition = enhance lipophilic herbicide without
antagonizing glyphosate.
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Oil adjuvants with Glyt + Laudis (Flax and 4 broadleaf species (ave)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-4
-3
-2
MSO-HSOC-1
-2
PO-HSOC-1
-2
MSO-1
MSO + OS
-2
PO-1
Glyt + Laud +
% control
Oil
ad
juvan
ts
= Flax
= Ave 4 species:
(amar, colq, tabw,
conv. soy)
Zollinger, 2010
0.28 lb ae + 1 fl oz
1 qt/A
1 qt/A
0.75% v/v
1.25 pt/A
1.25 pt/A
1 pt/A
1 pt/A
1 pt/A
1 pt/A
1 pt/A
0.5 pt/A
COC / PO
MSO
MSO+OS
PO-HSOC
MSO-HSOC
LSD (0.05) = 5
MSO+NIS
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Insight #7 - Oil Adjuvant Rate
Volume versus Area?
Which concept is best?
# 7
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Oil Adjuvant Rates - Historical
Movement from area (pt/A) to volume (% v/v)
Label rates Grower rates
PO/COC
MSO
HSOC
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Oil Adjuvant Rates - Historical
Movement from area (pt/A) to volume (% v/v)
Label rates Grower rates
PO/COC 2 pt/A 1%
MSO 1.5 pt/A 1%
HSOC 0.75-1 pt/A 0.5%
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Oil adjuvant recommendations
Herbicide Oil 28% AMS -v/v- - v/v - /100 gal
Raptor (BASF) 1-2% 2.5% 12-15 lb
Assure II (Dupont) 1% 2 qt/A 2 lb/A
FirstRate (Dow) 1.2% 2.5% 8.5-17 lb
Valor (Valent) -- 1-2 qt/A 2-2.5 lb/A
Impact (Amvac) 1-1.5% 1.25-2.5% 8.5-17 lb
Callisto (Syngenta) 1% 2.5% 8.5 lb
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Oil adjuvant recommendations
Herbicide Oil 28% AMS -v/v- - v/v - /100 gal
Select (Arysta/Valent) 1% or 1qt 1-2 qt /A 2.5-4 lb/A
>1 pt/A
Laudis (Bayer) 1% but
>1.25 pt/A 1.5 qt/A 1.5 lb/A
Status (BASF) 1-2 pt/A 1.25% 5-17 lb
Sharpen (BASF) 1%....>1 pt/A 1.25-2.5% 8.5-17 lb
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2010 Extension Specialist Survey Spray volume used (gpa):
State University Grower
ND 8.5 10
SD 20 10
NE 15 10
KS 15 5 to 10
MN 20 10 to15
WI 15 to 20 10
MI 19 10 to 15
Ontario 20 10 to 15
IA 20 8 to 15
IL 20 12 to 15
IN 15 12 to 15
TX 20 8 to 10
Low gpa =
glyphosate
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Should adjuvants be applied at % v/v or by area?
Atrazine = 1 qt/A of oil adjuvant
Assure II, Fusidale DX, and Fusion = 1% v/v oil
At 18 gpa - 1% v/v PO = 0.18 gal = 1.5 pt/A
At 9 gpa - 1% v/v PO = 0.085 gal = 0.68 pt/A
At 4.5 gpa – 1% v/v PO = 0.043 gal = 0.34 pt/A
Question:
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Oil volume with Laudis (Zollinger, 2008)
MSO
Spray vol. 1% v/v 1.5 pt/A (gpa) -------- % control -------
(Ave of 4 species)
8.5 (0.7 pt/A) 46 69
17 (1.4 pt/A) 55 54
LSD (0.05) ------ 7 ------
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Sharpen with oil volume, Zollinger, 2010
Ave of 4 broadleaf species
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2 pt/A
1.4 pt/A
0.7 pt/A
0.34 pt/A
2 pt/A
1.4 pt/A
0.7 pt/A
0.34 pt/A
% control
Pe
tro
l. O
il P
O -
HS
OC
0.5% 0.25%
1% 0.5%
2% 1%
3% 1.5%
= 8.5 gpa = 17 gpa
0.5% 0.25%
1% 0.5%
2% 1%
3% 1.5%
Compare 1% v/v to 2 pt/A
Compare 0.5% to 1 pt/A
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Sharpen with oil volume, Zollinger, 2010 Ave of 4 broadleaf species
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2 pt/A
1.4 pt/A
0.7 pt/A
0.34 pt/A
2 pt/A
1.4 pt/A
0.7 pt/A
0.34 pt/A
% control
MS
O
MS
O -
HS
OC
0.5% 0.25%
1% 0.5%
2% 1%
3% 1.5%
= 8.5 gpa = 17 gpa
0.5% 0.25%
1% 0.5%
2% 1%
3% 1.5%
Compare 1% v/v to 1.4 pt/A
Compare 0.5% v/v to 1 pt/A
Compare 1% v/v to 1.4 pt/A
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General rule:
Apply oil adjuvants at 1% v/v but not
less than 1.25 pt/A.
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Herbicide optimization:
1. Better adjuvant use information on labels.
2. Add NIS especially for „hard to wet‟ species.
3. Use “water conditioners” that contain at least AMS at
8.5 lb/100 at use rates.
4. MSO-HSOCs adjuvants enhance glyt+oil herbicides.
5. Alkaline pH water enhance herbicide solubility and
may enhance some herbicides.
6. Acidic AMS Replacement (AAR) adjuvants are
variable but can some can equal AMS + NIS.
7. Apply oil adjuvants on an area basis (pt/A).
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