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Operant Conditioning Concepts
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• What is the gumball that you receive from the machine called?
• Positive Reinforcement
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• You go back to the gumball machine several times and it is empty each time. Why will you eventually quit going?
• Extinction
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• What would you call your behavior if the dispenser was refilled and you bought a gumball again.
• Spontaneous recovery
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• Why would you be able to operate this particular gumball dispenser, even if you had never seen this exact dispenser before?
• generalization
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• Why would you choose to work a full dispenser instead of an empty one? (ok, I know it seems obvious, but what is the psychological term )
• discrimination
Vs.
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• What would be happening if you put the quarter in the dispenser, but didn’t get your gumball until an hour later?
• Delayed reinforcement
• Is this effective? No.
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• Every second time you turn the dial on the gumball machine you get a gumball. In other words, you know that two turns of the dial= receipt of a gumball. This is called:
• Fixed-ratio schedule. It always occurs at the same rate. Produces strong learning, but learning extinguishes quickly after the reinforcement schedule goes away.
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• If you didn’t get a gumball every time you put money in, and instead sometimes got the gum after three tries, some times after eight, and it was very unpredictable this would be:
• Variable ratio schedule. Takes longer to condition a response, but learning is resistant to extinction. (Slot machines are a good example)
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• You walk by the gumball machine at 10:00 one morning and it says “Free Gumballs”. You walk by at 2:00 and the sign is gone, but the next morning at 10:00 the “Free” sign is back. This is an example of
• Fixed interval schedule.
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• You pass by the gumball machine every day, and the “Free” sign is always random. You never know when it is going to be there. This is
• Variable interval schedule. (Good example would be a teacher who gives “pop quizzes”.
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• You give up. You feel like you will never get a gumball and quit trying. This is called
• Learned helplessness.
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Reinforcement STRENGTHENS a behavior.
What is the difference between a positive reinforcer and a
negative reinforcer.• Positive reinforcer ______ a pleasurable
stimulus or reward after a desired behavior.
• Negative reinforcer _______ an undesirable stimulus.
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So… which is positive, which is negative?
• Your coach says “well done” after you make a big play.
• You take an aspirin to get rid of a headache.
• You hurry home in the winter to get out of the cold.
• Your mom lets you stay out a ½ hour later because you received all A’s.
• Saying “uncle” to stop your older brother from wrestling with you.
• Faking a headache to get out of practice.
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In contrast, punishment REMOVES a behavior by giving an unwanted
consequence • Because the consequence is unwanted, the fear of this
decreased the behavior.• Example: getting a spanking when you try to cross the street
without looking.• Positive punishment: addition of something unpleasant. Ex:
giving a speeding ticket.• Negative punishment: taking something desirable away…
“omission”.• Problem with physical and/or positive punishment: does not
teach correct behavior all of the time. For this “omission” is more effective… (Example: time out in daycare, “when you learn the correct attitude you can come back and play”).