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Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
Amanda Kramer
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WHAT IS RIVER BLINDNESS?
A neglected tropical diseased caused by the worm Onchocerca volvulus and
carried by Simulium blackflies that can result in skin damage and blindness.
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DISTRIBUTION
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25 million people infected
300,000 blind800,000 with visual impairment
No reported deaths
99% of cases in sub-Saharan Africa
Yemen and Americas also affected
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LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCUS VOLVULUS
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RELEASE OF WOLBACHIA CAUSES SYMPTOMS
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SYMPTOMS
Skin nodules
Leopard SkinBlindness
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DIAGNOSIS
• Skin snip• Removal and testing of nodules• Antibody tests in development
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TREATMENTIvermectin
Primary Treatment
DeoxycyclineSecondary Treatment
• Binds to glutamate-gated chloride channel• Hyperpolarizes nerve and muscle cells• Kills larvae
• Antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor• Kills Wolbachia, a necessary symbiotic
bacteria
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PREVENTION
• Anti-insect measures• Covering clothing• Screens• Insect repellent
• IVM treatment
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REFERENCES• Brattig NW, Rathjens U, Ernst M, Geisinger F, Renz A, Tischendorf F. 2000. Lipopolysaccharide-like molecules derived from Wolbachia endobacteria of the filaria Onchocerca
volvulus are candidate mediators in the sequence of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses of human monocytes. Microbes and Infection 2: 1147-1157.
• Center for Disease Control, "Parasites - Onchocerciasis (alson known as River Blindness)." Last modified May 21, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/.
• Convit J, Schuler H, Borges R, Olivero V, Dominguez-Vasquez A, Frontado H, Grillet M. 2013. Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Northern Venezuela. Parasites and Vectors 6: 289.
• Langworthy NG, Renz A, Mackenstedt U, Henkle-Duhrsen K, Bronsvoort MB, Tanya VN, Donnelly MJ, Trees AJ. 2000. Macrofilaricidal activity of tetracycline against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi: elimination of Wolbachia precedes worm death and suggests a dependent relationship. Proc R Soc Lond 267: 1063-1069.
• Osei-Atweneboaan MY, Boakye DA, Awadzi K, Gyapong JO, Prichard RK. 2012. Genotypic analysis of B-tubulin in Oncocerca volvulus from communities and individuals showing poor parasitological response to ivermectin treatment. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 2: 20-28.
• Stanford Human Biology, "Mechanism of Action." Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/Ivermectin/mechanism of action.htm.
• Wikipedia, "Onchocerciasis." Last modified March 20, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerciasis.
• Wilson MD, Osei-Atweneboana M, Boakye DA, Osei-Akoto I, Obuobi E, Wiafe C, Kiszewski A. 2013. Efficacy of DEET and non-DEET-based insect repellents against bites of Similium damnosum vectors of onchocerciasis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 27: 226-231.
• World Health Organization, "Onchocerciasis." Last modified March 2014. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/.
• World Health Organization, "Onchocerciasis (river blindness) disease information." Last modified 2014. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.who.int/blindness/partnerships/onchocerciasis_disease_information/en/.