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On the EPR Front
Sheila DavisSilicon Valley Toxics Coalition
August 2004
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SVTC Mission Statement
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition does research, advocacy, and organizing to address human health and environmental problems caused by the rapid growth of the high-tech electronics industry. Our goal is to advance environmental sustainability and clean production in the industry, as well as to improve health, promote justice, and ensure democratic decision-making for communities and workers affected by the high-tech revolution.
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Did You Know?
Water Use and Other Materials that are Associated with Semiconductor
Production
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A Semiconductor Wafer
Image: http://users.erols.com/circuits//
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Source: “The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip:World Watch, 2003
A Semiconductor Wafer
One mirco chip weighs 2 grams and:
•Uses 72 grams of chemicals to make• 700 grams of elemental gases •32,000 grams of water •1200 grams of fossil fuels •total mass of materials used to produce the 2-gram chip is 630 times that of the final product •The amount of resoureces used to make a car is about 2X the weight
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“Printed circuit boards contain heavy metals such as antimony, silver, chromium, zinc, lead, tin and copper. According to some estimated there is hardly any other product for which the sum of the environmental impacts of raw material, extraction, industrial, refining and production, use and disposal is so extensive as for printed circuit boards.”
-CARE conference, Vienna 1994
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Global High-Tech Production is
Undergoing the Largest Industrial
Expansion in History
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Moore’s Law
1982 80286
19768086
1974 8080
1971 4004
1986 386DX
1993 Pentium
1995 Prentium
Pro
1989 486
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Tra
nsi
sto
rs p
er C
hip
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Chart B Familiarity of designers with ecodesign topics (averaged values)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Hazards of lead
Concept of "Design for the Environment"
Hazards of persistent bioaccumulative toxins
EU RoHs Directive
Hazards of brominated f lame retardants
Not familiar (0) Very familiar (2.0)
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Chart C Ability of designers to influence design attributes (averaged values)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Form, color, texture
Finish type (paint, lamination)
Access to internal components
Ease of dissassembly
Multi-material inserts in plastic
Plastic type (incl. recycled content)
Flame retardant in plastic
Additives in plastic (phthalates, etc.)
Toxics in electronic components
Circuit board solder type
Design attribute
Not able to influence (0) Able to influence (3)
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Chart E What percent of designer's clients/managers . . . (averaged values)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Restrict brominated flame retardants
Require recycled plastic content
Supply a list of restricted materials
Require design for fast disassembly
Restrict use of lead
Reference
Percentage of clients/managers
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Chart F Importance of environmental and human health impacts of products to . . . (averaged values)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
the designer
the designer's clients
the designer'smanagers
Not important (0) Very important (2)
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Piles of E-Waste
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300 Million Obsolete Computers by 2004
Plastic 4 billion lbs.
Lead 1 billion lbs.
Cadmium 1.9 million lbs.
Chromium 1.2 million lbs.Mercury 400,000 lbs.
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement Guidelines for Electronic
ProductsPrepared by
Computer TakeBack Campaignin collaboration with
Health Care Without Harm http://www.computertakeback.com/
legislation_and_policy/hchw_procurement.cfm
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement
Basic Principles
1) End-of-Life Management
1) Upgradeability
1) Design for the Environment and Public Health
1) Manufacturing
1) Energy Efficiency
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement Guidelines for Electronic
ProductsMaterials of Concern (1)
• chlorinated plastics in cable wiring • brominated flame retardants in PCBs• heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in
CRTs• mercury in Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) or flat panel monitors.
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement Guidelines for Electronic
ProductsMaterials of Concern (2)
• teratogenic = linked to birth defects• persistent = not easily excreted from
the body• bioaccumulative = magnifies up the
food chain• carcinogenic = cancer causing
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement Guidelines for
Electronic Products
• Materials of Concern (3)
• reproductive toxin = linked to birth defects
• endocrine disruptor = disrupts the hormonal system
• mutagenic = causes mutations in cells
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement Guidelines for
Electronic Products
It is estimated that 70% of the heavy metals found in landfills (including mercury and cadmium) come from discarded electronic products
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Health Impacts
• Mercury - damages brain, kidneys, fetus; travels easily in the food chain– PBT - persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic
• Cadmium - damages kidneys (PBT)• Chromium VI - damages DNA• Toners - carbon black - respiratory
problems; may be carcinogenic
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Environmentally Preferable Procurement Guidelines for
Electronic ProductsMercury and Exposure During
Disposal
• Lighting in flat panel displays is a source of mercury. Mercury is a well-documented neurotoxin. Mercury contamination occurs during the transfer, landfilling, and incineration of solid waste.
http://www.newmoa.org/NEWMOA/htdocs/prevention/mercury/landfillfactsheet.cfm