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GUIDE –ENFORCEMENT AND DEFENCE OF MARITIME CLAIMS IN SOUTH AFRICA
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Contents
04 OurShippingandLogisticsPractice
05 AGuidetotheEnforcementandDefenceofMaritimeClaimsinSouthAfrica
1. Introduction2. SomekeyaspectsoftheSouthAfricanjurisdiction3. EssentialsfortheenforcementofamaritimeclaiminSouthAfrica4. Proceduresfortheenforcementofmaritimeclaims5. Proceedingsin personam
6. ProceedingsinREM7. Associatedshiparrests8. Arrestsforsecurityforproceedingselsewhere9. Attachmentofbunkers10. Damagesforwrongfularrest11. Forcedsalesandrankingofclaims12. Inspectionsandexaminations13. Timebars14. Provisionalsentencesummons15. TonnagelimitationinSouthAfrica
16 AdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct105of1983
29 AdmiraltyProceedingsRules
44 OurFirm
45 OurFootprintinAfrica
46 KeyContacts
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ThroughourofficesinvariousAfricanjurisdictionsaswellasthestrongrelationships
weenjoywithfirmsacrosstherestofAfrica,weareabletoadviseorsourcemaritimelawadviceforclientsthroughoutAfrica.
Weprovideefficientandcost-effectiveenforcementanddefenceofallmaritime-relatedclaims,shiparrestsandemergencyresponses.
OurteamatBowmansisinternationallyrecognisedasofferingleadingexpertisethroughoutallmajorSouthAfricanandregionalports.Thisreputationhasbeenbuiltonmorethanacenturyofexperience,24-houravailabilityandspeedofresponse.
Thefirmhasbeeninvolvedinnumeroussignificantcases,includingmanyofthemajorcasualtiesinSouthAfrica(morerecentlythecollisionsinvolvingthe"ChemstarJewel"andthe"SunriseJade",thefiresaboardthe“TaiShan”andthe“MaerskLondrina”,thesinkingofthe“KianiSatu”,thegroundingofthe“Smart”andthelossofcontainersoverboardthe“SerojaLima”).Asinthecaseofthefirmasawhole,theteamrepresentsawiderangeofinternationalandSouthAfricanclients,includingmajorshipowners,P&IClubs,hullandcargounderwritersandbanksinvolvedinshipfinancing.Throughthesignificantgrowthofthe
firminthelastdecade,Bowmanshasstrengtheneditsabilitytoofferclientsabroadrangeofservices,notonlywithregardtomaritimeandadmiraltyissuesbutotheraspectssuchascommodities,energy,oilandgasandenvironmentallaw.
Ourexpertisecoversthewholerangeofmaritimelegalservices,including:
• Accessandexaminationorders• Arrests,attachmentsandsecurityarrests• Billsoflading• Cargoclaims• Carriageofgoods• Charterparties• Generalaverage• Judicialsalesandmortgageforeclosures• Liens• Marineresources• Maritimecasualties,collisions,grounding
andsalvage• P&I,hullandcargoinsurance• Personalinjuries• Pollution• Salvageandstowaways• Shipbuildingandrepair• Shipsaleandpurchase• Shipfinance
Our Shipping and Logistics Practice
Bowmans has more than 125 years of experience in the specialist field of maritime law. We are based near the ports of Cape Town and Durban, but operate throughout South Africa, and have an intimate understanding of the unique aspects of the South African jurisdiction – one of the world’s most favoured jurisdictions for the arrest of vessels.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Thisguidecontainssomebriefdetailsandinformationwhichwehopewillbeofgeneraluseinrelationtotheenforcement,ordefence,ofmaritimeclaimsintheRepublicofSouthAfrica.Itcontainsonlyasummaryanddoesnotpretendtobeexhaustive.Wherenecessary,furtherinformationandadviceshouldbesought.ThisguideisbasedonthelawandpracticeasofOctober2016.
Referencesto“theAct”aretotheAdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct105of1983,whichcameintoforceon1November1983,asamended.Referencestothe“Rules”aretotheRulesRegulatingtheConductofAdmiraltyProceedingsintermsoftheAct,whichcameintoforceinMay1997.Foreaseofreference,theActandRuleshavebeenincludedinthisguide.
2. SOME KEY ASPECTS OF THE SOUTH
AFRICAN JURISDICTION
SomeoftheaspectsoftheSouthAfricanjurisdictionwhichmightbeofinteresttoyouandthoseforwhomyouact:
• Accesstodocumentation,includingtheretentionandcopyingofrelevantdocumentsnecessaryfordeterminingamaritimeclaim–obtainableatshortnoticeviaanex-parteapplication.
• Ordersfortheexamination,testingorinspectionofanyship,cargooranyotherthingand,inexceptionalcircumstances,forthetakingofevidencewhichmightbeconsiderednecessaryordesirable,forthepurposeofdetermininganyclaimwhichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeaCourt,arbitratororrefereeinSouthAfricaorelsewhereintheworld.
• Associatedshiparrests–arguablythebestjurisdictionfor“piercingthecorporateveil”ofone-shipcompanies.
• Securityarrestsforthepurposesofobtainingsecurityforarbitrationoranyproceedingscontemplated,pendingorcurrent,anywhereintheworld.
• Theprospectofbreakingtonnagelimitationintermsofthe1957Convention,whichhasbeenincorporatedintoourlaw(theonusisstillontheownertoproveabsenceof“actualfaultandprivity”).
• Quickandrelativelysimplearrest in rem
proceedings–obligingtheownertoprovidesecurityuptothevalueoftheship.
• In personamattachmentproceedings–obligingtheownertoprovidesecurityforthefullamountoftheclaim.
• Proceduresforenforcingclaimsagainstbareboatandtimecharterers.
• Quickandefficientjudicialsales.
3. ESSENTIALS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT
OF A MARITIME CLAIM IN SOUTH AFRICA
Thesemaybesummarisedasfollowsandaremorefullydealtwithbelow:
• Theclaimmustbea“maritimeclaim”asdefinedinSection1oftheAct.
• TheCourtmusthaveorbeconferredwithjurisdictionwhich,inanactionagainstaforeigner,isgenerallyeffectedbyanarrestorattachmentofhisorhervesselorotherpropertyinSouthAfricaorwithinitsterritorialwaters.
The32categoriesof“maritimeclaims”definedinsection1oftheAct,whicharesubjecttotheadmiraltyjurisdictionoftheHighCourt,includeallofthoseitemisedinarticle1ofthe1952ArrestConventionandmanyothers.A“catch-all”provisiongives
A Guide to the Enforcement and Defence of Maritime Claims in South Africa
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theCourtjurisdictionoveranymatterwhich,byvirtueofitsnatureorsubjectmatter,isamarineormaritimematter.Neithertheplacewheretheclaimarose,northeflagofthevessel,northeresidence,domicileornationalityofitsowneroroftheclaimant,isrelevanttothequestionofwhetherornottheSouthAfricanCourtshaveadmiraltyjurisdiction.
4. PROCEDURES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT
OF MARITIME CLAIMS
TheActprovidesfortwoseparateformsofproceedings:
• Proceedingsin personam,inwhichthepersonorthedebtororwrongdoeriscitedastheDefendant.
• Proceedingsin rem,inwhichtheship,bunkers,cargo,equipmentorfreightagainstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies,iscitedastheDefendant.
Inaddition, in remproceedingscanbebroughtagainstacontaineriftheclaimarisesoutoforrelatestotheuseofthatcontainerinoronashiporthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorbywaterorotherwiseinthatcontainer.
5. PROCEEDINGS IN PERSONAM
TheprerequisiteisthattheDefendantbepersonallyliabletothePlaintiffforthemaritimeclaimconcerned,whethercontractuallyordelictually(intort).UnlesstheDefendantisdomiciledorresidentwithinSouthAfricaorhasconsentedtothejurisdiction(consentbeingawideconceptwhichcanincludecontract),itisnecessarythatpropertywithintheCourt’sareaofjurisdictionbeattached“tofoundorconfirm”theCourt’sjurisdiction.
5.1 The property attached
Thepropertywhichcanbeattachedincludesallpropertywhichcanbearrestedinproceedingsin rem,asdescribedinparagraph6.1below.However,contrarytothein remprocedure,thereisnolimitedlistofpropertywhichcanbeattachedtofoundorconfirmjurisdiction;anypropertycanbeattached,whateveritsnature
andwhateveritsvalue,includingintangibleproperty,suchastherighttoclaimpaymentofdebts,providedthattheSheriffcanmakeaneffectiveattachmentandthepropertyinquestionhassomecommercialvalue.
5.2 Procedure
Applicationmustbemadetoajudgeforanorderofattachment.Thisisdoneonthestrengthofanaffidavit,containingthefollowingessentialallegations:
• thattheclaimisamaritimeclaimforwhichtheDefendantisliableandthattheCourtwillhavejurisdictionpursuanttotheproposedattachment;
• thatthepropertysoughttobeattachedispropertybelongingtotheDefendantorinrespectofwhichheorshehasanattachmentinterest;
• whetheranysecurityhasbeengiveninrespectoftheclaimandthereasonsfortheCourt’saidbeingrequired;
• thesourceofthesignatory’sinformationandthatthecontentsoftheaffidavitaretrueandcorrect;and
• thereasons,ifany,forurgency.
5.3 Evidence
TheevidencetobeplacedbeforetheCourtwilldependonthetimeavailable.Incasesofurgency,theinformationcanbeconveyedtousbyemailoreventelephoneandanattachmentcanbeobtainedwithinamatterofhours,theaffidavitbeingdeposedtobyourselves.
Iftimepermits,relevantdocumentsshouldbetransmittedelectronicallyasattachmentsorbycourier.AffidavitsbythePlaintifforitsrepresentative,generallytobepreparedbyus,wouldsimilarlybeobtained,iftimepermits.Thesecanalso,inthecaseofurgency,betransmittedbyemail.
5.4 Authority
FormalpowersofattorneyarenotrequiredattheattachmentstageanditismerelynecessarythatweareproperlyauthorisedbythePlaintifftobringtheapplicationtoenableustomakethisavermentintheaffidavit.
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5.5 Counter-security
ThereisnoautomaticrequirementobligingthePlaintiffwhowishestoattachpropertytofurnishcounter-security.ADefendanthastobringaformalcounter-applicationforsuchsecurity,whichwillgenerallyonlybeorderedifheorshecanestablishthatthePlaintiff’sattachmentwas“withoutreasonableandprobablecause”,givingtheDefendantaclaimfordamagesforwrongfulattachmentorinrespectoflegalcosts.
5.6 Setting aside of attachments
Anattachmentisgrantedintheformofaninterimorderwhichcallsuponallinterestedpersonstoshowcause,onadatestatedintheorder,whytheattachmentshouldnotbeconfirmed.ThisprocedureforjudicialreviewhastheadvantageofgivingaDefendantanautomaticrighttoahearingatwhichheorshehastheopportunity,afterfilingopposingaffidavits,tocontesttheattachment.ItalsomeansthatthePlaintiffknowsatanearlystageoftheproceedingswhetherornothisorherattachmentistobecontestedandifso,thequestionofjurisdictionandotherpreliminaryissuescanberesolvedexpeditiously;ifnot,themainactioncanproceedwithoutdelay.
5.7 Release
TheDefendantisentitledtothereleaseofhisorherpropertyupongivingsecurityfortheamountoftheclaimforwhichithasbeenattached,buthastherighttoapplyforareductionintheamountofthesecurity.IthasbeenheldthataP&IClubletterofundertakingconstitutessufficientsecurityundertheAct,includingforthepurposesofsecuringthereleaseofavesselunderarrest.SecuritymayalsobefurnishedbywayofabankguaranteeissuedbyaSouthAfricanbankorbyaforeignbankprovidedtheguaranteeisnegotiableinSouthAfrica.
6. PROCEEDINGS IN REM
Theprerequisitesare:EITHER
thatthePlaintiffhasamaritimelienoverthepropertytobearrested;
OR
thattheownerofthepropertytobearrestedwouldbepersonallyliabletothePlaintiff(asinthecaseofanactionin personam);
OR
inalimitednumberofcases,wheretheColonialCourtofAdmiraltycouldhaveproceededin rem;
AND
thatproperty,againstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies,bearrested;
AND
theCourtwillalsorecogniseanyotherappropriateremedyallowedinlaw,suchasavindicatoryactioninadisputeoverownershipforthepurposesofenforcingamaritimeclaim.
6.1 The property arrested
Thisisrestrictedtooneormoreofthefollowingcategoriesofproperty:
• theship,withorwithoutherequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;
• thewholeoranypartoftheequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;
• thewholeoranypartofthecargo;thefreight;• anycontainer,iftheclaimarisesoutofor
relatestotheuseofthatcontainerinoronaship,orthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorbywaterorotherwiseinthatcontainer;
• afundconstitutedbytheproceedsofthejudicialsaleofanyoftheaforegoing.
6.2 Procedure
NeitheranaffidavitnoranapplicationtoCourtisrequired.ThearrestisobtainedonthestrengthofacertificatebythePlaintifforhisorherattorney,containingessentiallythesameinformationandavermentsasareincludedinanaffidavitinsupportofanapplicationforattachment,asdescribedin5.2.ThewarrantofarrestisservedbytheSheriffonthepropertyarrestedandapplicationcanthenbemadeforthearresttobesetaside.(Nodateisfixedforthiswhenthewarrantisissued,asinthecaseofattachments).
ThewarrantofarrestinformstheDefendantthatthepropertyarrestedwillbereleasedupon
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securitybeingprovidedfortheamountoftheclaimorthevalueoftheproperty,whicheverislower.Simultaneously,withtheissueofthewarrantofarrest,asummonsisissuedandserved.TheproceedingsarethereforecommencedwiththeserviceofthewarrantandsummonscommencingactionandtheDefendantmustthereafterfilehisorherdefence.
6.3 Evidence, authority and counter-security
Thepositionforattachmentsin personamwithregardtoevidence,authorityandcounter-securityalsoappliesinbroadtermstoarrestsin rem.Theformofsecurityforthereleaseofthepropertyarrestedisthesameasinthecaseofanattachment.
7. ASSOCIATED SHIP ARRESTS
APlaintiffmay,bymeansoftheprovisionforthearrestorattachmentofan“associatedship”insteadoftheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimarose,beinapositionwithincertaindefinedbounds,topiercethecorporateveilof“one-ship”companies.
Any“maritimeclaim”(whichisverywidelydefined)canbeenforcedbyanassociatedshiparrest,saveforclaimsrelatingtomortgages.
Anassociatedshiparrestmaytakethreeforms:
1. Bythearrestofashipinthesameownershipastheshipagainstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies(a“sistership”arrest):
Beneficial owner
Blue Wave Shipping SA
Ship concerned
Stealth Naviera SA
Associated ship
Beneficial owner
Blue Wave Shipping SA
Ship concerned
Associated ship
Beneficial owner
Ship concerned Stealth Naviera SA
Associated ship
Beneficial owner
Ship concerned Associated ship
OR
2. Bythearrestofashipownedbyacompanycontrolledbyapersonwhocontrolledthecompanywhichownedtheshipconcerned:
3. Acombinationof1and2–whereoneoftheshipsisownedbythebeneficialownerpersonallyandtheotherbyhimorherthroughthecompany:
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7.1 Chronological criteria with regards to
ownership/ control
1.Sisterships
• Theshipconcernedmusthavebeenownedbythebeneficialowneratthetimetheclaimarose,butneednolongerbesoownedatthetimeofarrest.
• Theassociatedshipmustbeownedbythebeneficialowneratthetimeofthecommencementoftheaction,butneednothavebeensoownedatthetimethemaritimeclaimarose.
2.Company-ownedassociatedships
• Theassociatedshipmustbeownedbytherelevantcompanyandthatcompanymustbecontrolledbythebeneficialowneratthetimeofcommencementoftheaction.(“Company”isverywidelydefinedtoincludevirtuallyanylegalentity).
• Theshipconcernedneedonlyhavebeenownedbythebeneficialownerandthecompanyneedonlyhavebeencontrolledbythebeneficialownerwhenthemaritimeclaimarose,andnotnecessarilyatthetimeofthearrest.
3.Directlyownedassociatedships,wheretheshipconcernedisownedbythecompany
• Theassociatedshipmustbeownedbythebeneficialowneratthetimeofthearrest.
• Thecompanyneedonlyhavebeencontrolledbythebeneficialownerandtheshipconcernedneedonlyhavebeenownedbythe“company”whenthemaritimeclaimarose,andnotnecessarilyatthetimeofthearrest.
7.2 Chartered ships
Theprovisionsforthearrestofassociatedshipsalsoapplyto“associatedships”ofachartererorasubchartererwho,forthepurposeofsuchanarrest,isdeemedtobetheowneroftheshipinrespectofanymaritimeclaimforwhichthechartererorsubcharterer,andnottheowner,isallegedtobeliable.
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7.3 Claims in personam
TheActhasbeenamendedtoallowassociatedshipattachments(ieinrespectofclaimsin
personam),theimportantconsequencesofwhichare:
• thattoobtainthereleaseoftheship,thefullclaimwillhavetobesecuredandnotmerelythevalueoftheshipasisthecaseinanarrestin rem;and
• thatashipmayarguablybeattachedtofoundjurisdiction(andtoobtainsecurity)inanactionagainstthebeneficialowneroftheshippersonally,ifheorsheownsthesharesorcontrolsthecompanywhichrunstheship,therebypiercingthecorporateveil.
8. ARRESTS FOR SECURITY FOR
PROCEEDINGS ELSEWHERE
APlaintiffwhoisalreadyengagedinarbitrationorlegalproceedingselsewherethaninSouthAfrica,butwhoisconcernedabouttheefficacyofafavourabledecision,becauseofhisorheropponent’spoorfinancialpositionorbecauseofotherdifficultiesinenforcingthedecision,mayincertaincircumstancesobtainanarrestofpropertysimplyforthepurposesofobtainingsecurity,pendingtheoutcomeoftheproceedingselsewhere.
TheActrequiresthat:
• thepersonseekingthearresthasaclaimenforceableeitherbyanactionin personamagainsttheownerofthepropertyconcerned,oranactionin rem;and
• theclaimisormaybethesubjectofarbitrationorotherproceedingscontemplated,pendingorcurrent,eitherinSouthAfricaorelsewhere.
Iftheaboverequirementsaresatisfied,theCourthasthediscretionwhetherornottograntanorderforarrest.TheprocedureisaccordinglybyapplicationtoCourt,andtheRegistrarcannotissueawarrantofarrestonthestrengthofacertificate,asinthecaseofin remarrestsinthenormalcourse.
IncargoladenandlatelyladenonboardtheMV“ThalassiniAvgi”vsMV“Dimitris”1989(3)SA820(A),theSupremeCourtofAppeallaiddowntherequirementswhichanApplicantmustmeetinordertoobtainasecurityarrest:
• thatheorshehasaclaimenforceablebyanactionin remagainsttheshipinquestionoragainsttheshipofwhichtheshipinquestionisanassociatedship–thishasbeenextendedtoactionsin personam;
• thatheorshehasaprima faciecaseinrespectofsuchaclaim,whichisenforceableinthenominatedcountryorcountriesofhisorherchoice;and
• thatheorshehasagenuineandreasonableneedforsecurity.
InBocimarNVvKotorOverseasShippingLtd1994(2)SA563(A),theCourtindicatedthatthisneedforsecurityistobedeterminedaccordingtotheusualcivilstandardofproof,ieonabalanceofprobabilities.Thisburdenismoreonerousthantheprima faciecaseindicatedabove,whichtheApplicantmustmakeoutinrespectofthemeritsofhisorherclaim.
9. ATTACHMENT OF BUNKERS
TheSouthAfricanCourthasheldthatatimechartereristheownerofthebunkersaboardacharteredvesselandthatitisaccordinglypossibleforacreditorofthecharterertoattachthebunkersinordertoenforcehisorherclaim.Thequestionofwhetherornotanattachmentwillbepossibleintheparticularcircumstanceswillhoweverdependuponthewordingofthecharterpartyinquestion.
10. DAMAGES FOR WRONGFUL ARREST
Section5(4)providesasfollows:
“AnypersonwhomakesanexcessiveclaimorrequiresexcessivesecurityorwithoutreasonableandprobablecauseobtainsthearrestofpropertyoranorderofCourt,shallbeliabletoanypersonsufferinglossordamagesasaresultthereofforthatlossordamage.”
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PriortotheamendmentofthissectioninJune1992,thetestwas“goodcause”andnot“reasonableandprobablecause”.TheamendmentshavenarrowedtheambitofthesectionandreducedaPlaintiff’sriskofbeingheldliablefordamagesforwrongfularrest.
11. FORCED SALES AND RANKING
OF CLAIMS
ThenumberofforcedsalesinSouthAfricaindicatesthatitisoneofthefavouredjurisdictionsfortheforeclosureofmortgagesandforthedeterminationanddistributionofclaimsagainsttheownersofvesselsinfinancialstraits.Intheabsenceofdelaysoccasionedbytheinterventionofotherinterestedparties,theappraisement,saleandtransferofthevesseltoitsnewownerscantakeplacewithinsixtoeightweeksfromthedateoftheCourtOrderforthesale.
Inordertoavoidanysuggestionofdifficultyoruncertaintyregardingcurrencyfluctuations,orpossibleexchangecontrollimitationsonpayments,itispossibletoobtainanorderprovidingforpaymenttobemadeandforthefundcomprisingtheproceedsofthesaletobeheldinUSDollarsoffshore.
Interestearnedwillbeaccumulatedforthebenefitofcreditors.Thereareinfactnoexchangecontrolprovisionsinhibitingthesaleofaforeignvesseltoanon-resident,norhavetheauthorities,toourknowledge,intervenedinthedistributionoftheproceedsofthesaleofavessel–soldtoanon-residentintroducingforeigncurrency–amongstnon-residentclaimants;theTreasurymay,however,imposeconditionswhereaSouthAfricanshipissoldtoanon-residentoraforeignshipissoldtoaSouthAfricanresident.
11.1 Sale procedure
TheCourtmayatanytimeorderthatanypropertywhichhasbeenarrestedorattachedbesold,andtheproceedsheldasafundintheCourtorotherwisedealtwith.Ifavessel’sownersfailtoprovidesecurity,theCourtmayorderthevessel’ssaleafterjudgment
bydefaultiftheproceedingsareunopposed,or–inappropriatecircumstances–pendingtheoutcomeofdefendedproceedings,onthegroundsthatthevesselisawastingassetanditisintheinterestsofallconcernedthatshebesold.
Pendingthesale,theshipunderarrestremainsinthecustodyoftheSheriff,whoisauthorisedtotakeallsuchstepsastheCourtmayorderorasappeartohimorhertobeappropriateforthe“custodyandpreservationofthepropertyincludingtheremovalandstorageofanycargoandtheremoval,disposalandstorageofperishablegoodswhichhavebeenarrestedorattached”.
TheSheriffmust,however,consultwithanypersonswhohavearrestedorattachedpropertyandmustalsoactinaccordancewithanyrelevantorderofCourt.ItisimportanttonotethattheRulesdonotmakeprovisionforthepaymentoftheexpensesofpreservingthepropertyunderarrestpendingthereleaseorsalethereof,andtheremaybecircumstancesunderwhichtheSheriffmayrequirethecreditorsdetainingthevesseltoadvancesufficientfundstoenablehimorhertomeetsuchcosts.
InlightofthedecisionbytheSouthAfricanSupremeCourtofAppealinthe“Argun”matter,thereisapossibilitythatincertaincircumstancesarrestingcreditorsmaybeheldliablefortheSheriff’sexpensesreasonablyincurredinthepreservationofthevesselwhilstunderarrest,aswellastheSheriff’sreasonableremunerationinrelationtosuchexpenses.
ThecontinuedarrestofavesselattheinsistanceofanarrestingcreditorcouldbemadeconditionaluponthatarrestingcreditorreimbursingtheSheriffforthelatter’sreasonableexpensesandremuneration.Inourview,thisstateofaffairswouldonlyariseintheeventoftheownersterminatingthemandateofthevessel’sagentsandabandoningthefundingoftheongoingoperationalandpreservationexpensesofthevessel,atwhichtimethearrestingcreditorswouldbeentitledtoreleasethevesseltoavoidliabilityforthesecosts.
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TheCourtisempoweredtogive,andinvariablygives,specificdirectionsastothetermsofandthemannerinwhichtheshipshallbesold.Theseinclude,inter alia:
• theappointmentofagents;• therepatriationofthecrew;• themanningofthevesselbyaskeletoncrew;• theremovalandstorageofthecargo;• thepreservationofthevessel;• theappraisementofthevessel;• theadvertisingofthesalethereof;• theengagingofauctioneersandtheir
commissionscale;• thetimewithinwhichthevesselmustbe
sold;and• thefixingofareserveprice.
TheCourtwillfurthermoreapproveofthedetailedconditionsofsaleunderwhichprospectivepurchasersaretobeinvitedtosubmittendersorintermswhereofthevesselistobeauctioned.TheCourtwillalsostipulatethemannerinwhichthepurchasepriceispayableonthedayofthesale,whilstthebalancethereofmaybesecuredbywayofanirrevocablebanker’sguaranteeorletterofcreditinfavouroftheRegistraroftheCourt,pendingthedirectionsoftheCourtastothedistributionoftheproceedsofthesale.
Afterthevesselhasbeenvalued,sheisputupforsaleeitherbytenderormoreusuallybypublicauction.Ifthehighestofferexceedstheappraisedvalueofthevessel,itwillnormallynotbenecessarytoreverttotheCourtforconfirmationofthesale.
Ontheotherhand,shouldthehighestbidbelessthantheappraisedvalue,theCourtmaybeapproachedwithaviewtoitsconfirmingthesaleatsuchalowerpurchaseprice,shouldcircumstanceswarrantsuchconfirmation.
11.2 Ranking of claims
Whereafundarisesfromthesaleofanassociatedshiptherewillbethreequeues:
• rankingfirst,directclaimsagainsttheshipsold;
• rankingsecond,claimsarisinginrespectofsisterships(ownedbythesameparty);and
• rankingthird,claimsinrespectofassociatedships.
Interestonanyclaimandthecostofenforcingitaredeemedtoformpartoftheclaim,forthepurposesofranking.
Notwithstandingtheprovisionsastoranking,anyundertakingorsecuritygivenforaparticularclaimmustbeappliedinsatisfactionofthatclaim.
12. INSPECTIONS AND EXAMINATIONS
TheSouthAfricanCourtshavethepowertomakeanorderfortheexamination,testingorinspectionbyapersonofanyship,cargo,documentsoranyotherthingandforthetakingoftheevidenceofanyperson,ifthisisnecessaryordesirableforthepurposesofdetermininganymaritimeclaimordefencetoanysuchclaimwhichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeaCourt,arbitratororrefereeinSouthAfrica(Section5(5)oftheAct).
TheCourtalsohasdiscretion,inexceptionalcircumstances,toexercisethesepowersinrespectofactionsinstitutedortobeinstitutedelsewherethaninSouthAfrica,andourCourtmaymakesuchordersforthepurposesofarbitrationorlegalproceedingselsewhereintheworld,eitheratthetimeofgrantinganorderforthearrestofashipforsecurityforproceedingselsewhere,orevenintheabsenceofanyarrest.
Againstthebackgroundofthesepowers,ourCourthasbeenpreparedtoorderthatevidenceofcrewbetakenonoathpursuanttoanapplicationby,forexample,cargointerestsand/orcharterersforthepurposesofdeterminingamaritimeclaiminrespectofproceedingscontemplatedelsewherethaninSouthAfrica.Suchanorderwould,asamatterofpracticalapplication,entailadirectiveprohibiting(orinterdicting)thecrewfromleavingthejurisdictionoftheCourtuntilsuchtimeastheevidencehasbeentaken.Ineachinstance,thewillingnessoftheCourttomakesuchanorderwilldependonthetotalityofthecircumstancesofthecase–or,putdifferently,the“factualmatrix”uponwhichtheapplicationisbased.
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AdmiraltyRule14providestheframeworkforthetakingofsuchevidenceoncommission.Inthisregard,theRuleaffirmstheCourt’sdiscretionastotheappointmentofacommissioner,anddetermineshisorherdutiesandpowersandthedatesandvenuesofanypossiblehearings.
Italsodirectsthatanypersongivingevidenceshallbeliabletoexaminationandcross-examinationbyanyinterestedparties,andthattheseexaminationsshouldoccurinthesamemannerasiftheevidencewasbeingheardatthetrialofthematter.Theseprocedurescouldbeinvaluablefordeterminingthecauseofcargodamageandforthetakingofcrewmembers’evidence(iffavourable)priortotheirrepatriationtoforeigncountries.
Inappropriatecircumstances,itmaybepossibletoobtainsuchanorderwithoutnoticetothepersonwhosepropertyordocumentsaretobeexamined,whereforexample,therewouldbeariskthatevidencewouldbelostifnoticeweregiven.
13. TIME BARS
Anactionisdeemedtohavecommencedforallpurposes,includingtheinterruptionofatimebar:
• bytheissueofawarrantofarrestandsummonsin rem;
• bythemakingofanapplicationfortheattachmentofpropertytofoundjurisdiction;
• bytheserviceofanyprocessbywhichtheactionisinstituted;or
• bygivingsecurityfortheclaim.
Theattachmentofpropertytofoundjurisdictionortheserviceoftheprocessin remmusttakeplacewithin12monthsofthedateofissueorgrantingofsuchattachmentorder,buttheCourthasthepowertoextendthisperiod.
14. PROVISIONAL SENTENCE SUMMONS
ThisspecialisedformofSummons(Writ),whichhasbeenpartofthenon-admiraltyordinarypracticeintheHighCourtofSouthAfricaforsometime,hasbeenintroducedintotheadmiraltyjurisdictionoftheHighCourt.ThisformofSummonsisutilisedwherethePlaintiffisproceedingwithacauseofactionbasedonaliquiddocument,acopy
ofwhichmustbeattachedtotheSummons.AliquiddocumentisessentiallyawrittenacknowledgmentofunconditionalliabilityforthepaymentofafixedsumofmoneytothePlaintiff,anditissignedbytheDefendantoritsagent.Itmaytakemanyforms,afewofthemorecommondocumentsbeingcheques,billsofexchange,acknowledgementsofdebtandmortgagebonds.
ThroughtheProvisionalSentenceSummonsprocedure,theDefendantiscalledupontoappearonaspecifieddatetoanswertheclaimbroughtontheliquiddocument.ShouldtheDefendantfailtoenterintothisapplicationprocess,orifhisorheroppositiontotheapplicationisunsuccessful,theCourthasthepowertoenteraprovisionalorfinalsentenceinfavourofthePlaintiff.ADefendantmayonlyopposetheapplicationbyeitherallegingtheinvalidityoforplacinginquestiontheidentityofthesignatureonthedocument,orbyraisingadefenceonthemeritsofthematter,suchasthattheamountclaimedhasalreadybeenpaid.
WheretheDefendant’soppositiontotheprovisionalsentenceapplicationisunsuccessful,aprovisionalsentencewillbeenteredinfavourofthePlaintiff,andtheDefendantwillonlybepermittedtoentertheprincipalcaseonceheorshehassatisfiedtheamountofthejudgmentandtaxedcosts.Further,shouldtheDefendantfailtoentertheprincipalcasewithintwomonthsofthegrantingofprovisionalsentence,theprovisionaljudgmentbecomesfinal.ShouldthePlaintiff’sprovisionalsentenceapplicationberefused,thentheprincipalcasewillcontinuetorunaccordingtotheordinaryrulesrelatingtopleadingsinanopposedaction.
Thisprocedurewillbeofparticularrelevancetomortgageebanksinadmiraltymattersasitaffordsthemapowerfulweaponwithwhichtopursuetheirclaimagainstthemortgagors.Itshould,however,benotedthatmortgagedocumentsarenotalwaysliquiddocuments,andthatshouldthemortgagor’sliabilityneedtobedeterminedbyreferencetoanotherdocument,thenthesaidmortgagewillnotconstitutealiquiddocument.Eachindividualcaseanddocumentneedstobeanalysedtodeterminewhetheritcomplieswiththerequirementsofaliquiddocumentornot,forthepurposesofprovisionalsentence.
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15. TONNAGE LIMITATION IN
SOUTH AFRICA
WhileSouthAfricahasneverratifiedtheInternationalConventionrelatingtotheLimitationofLiabilityofOwnersofSeagoingShips(Brussels1957),theMerchantShippingactNo.57of1951clearlyincorporatesmostoftheimportantprovisionsthereof.ApartywishingtolimititsliabilityunderSouthAfricanlawmustprovethatthelossordamagewascaused“withoutitsactualfaultorprivity”.
Therighttolimitextendstotheownerofaship,whetherregisteredinSouthAfricaornot,thecharterer,anypersoninterestedinorinpossessionoftheship,andamanageroroperatoroftheship.Inthisregard,SouthAfricahasnotaccededtothe1976Conventionwhichcalculatesthelimitationfundaccordingtoasystemoftonnagelayersratherthanperton,andmoreimportantlydoesawaywith“faultandprivity”oftheshipownerbyshiftingtheonusofproofontotheclaimanttoprovewilfulintentbytheshipowner.Twoimportantquestionsariseinconnectionwiththe“faultorprivity”requirementasappliedinSouthAfrica,namely:• Whosefaultorprivitycanbeconsideredto
bethatoftheownerorcharterer;forexampledirectors,managersorsuperintendentsofamodernshipowningcorporatestructure?
• Whatisthedegreeofculpabilityattachingtotheowner,iehowmuchinvolvementdoestheownerneedtohaveonaday-to-daybasisintherunningofhisorhervessel,andhowmuchcanbedelegatedtootherstaff?
OurCourt’sattitudetothesequestionsissetoutinthe“StPardarn”,a1986decisionoftheCapeProvincialDivisioninwhichtheCourtheldthatthefaultorprivityneednotbethatofadirector,butcouldbethatofsomeonefurtherdownthemanagementlevelofashipowningcompany,andfurtherthatfaultorprivitywasareferencetonegligencewhichmusthavecausedorcontributedtotheloss.TheSouthAfricanCourtshaveheldthattheyexpectthesamedegreeofeffectivemanagement(supervisionandcontrol)ofaship’sdaytodayactivitiesashasbeenlaiddowninthe“LadyGwendolen”andsubsequentEnglishdecisions.Thereisthusanever-increasingonusinthedutyofcare/supervision
byashipownerbeforetheCourtsarepreparedtoacceptanabsenceoffaultorprivityonthesaidowner’sbehalf.
FollowingtheShippingGeneralAmendmentAct(No.23of1997),SouthAfricanowfixestheamountoftonnagelimitationwithreferencetoSpecialDrawingRights(SDRs).Ashipownerisentitledtolimithisorherliabilityinthefollowingamounts,dependentonwhethertherehasbeenalossoflifeorpersonalinjury,orwhethertherehasonlybeenlossofordamagetoproperty,orwhethertherehasbeenbothlossoflifeorpersonalinjuryandlossofordamagetoproperty:
• inthecaseofclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryonly,theshipowner’sliabilitywillbelimitedto206.67SDRsforeachtonoftheship’sgrossregisteredtonnage;
• inthecaseofclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossofordamagetopropertyonly,theshipowner’sliabilitywillbelimitedto66.67SDRsforeachtonoftheship’sgrossregisteredtonnage;and
• inthecaseofclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryandalsoclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossofordamagetoproperty,theshipowner’sliabilitywillbelimitedto206.67SDRsforeachtonoftheship’sgrossregisteredtonnage,with140SDRsofthe206.67toenjoypriorityinrespectoftheclaimforlossoflifeorpersonalinjury.
SDRsareconvertedintoSouthAfricancurrencyasdeterminedbytheInternationalMonetaryFundonthedateonwhichjudgmentisgivenandcanbeprovedbyacertificateissuedbytheSouthAfricanTreasury.
Thecurrentsystemproduceslimitationfigureswhich,whilenotinsignificant,arebothconsiderablylessthantheexcessivefiguresachievedunderthepreviousGoldFrancregimeapplicableinSouthAfrica,andalsothoselimitationamountsapplicableunderthe1976Convention.Despitethis,SouthAfricaremainsajurisdictionfavourabletoPlaintiffshavingclaimswhichmaybesubjecttotonnagelimitationinthat,duetotheretentionofthe“faultandprivity”system,itismoredifficultfortheshipownertolimithisorherliabilitytotheamountssetoutabove.
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[ASSENTEDTO8SEPTEMBER,1983][DATEOFCOMMENCEMENT:1NOVEMBER,1983](AfrikaanstextsignedbytheStatePresident)
asamendedby:
AdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAmendmentAct87of1992GeneralLawAmendmentAct139of1992WreckandSalvageAct94of1996SouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityAct5of1998SeaTransportDocumentsAct65of2000JudicialMattersAmendmentAct66of2008
ACT
To provide for the vesting of the powers of the AdmiraltyCourts of the Republic in the provincial and local divisionsof the Supreme Court of South Africa, and for the extensionof those powers; for the law to be applied by, and the procedure applicable in, those divisions; for the repeal of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890, of the United Kingdom, in so far as it applies in relation to the Republic; and for incidental matters.
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
1. Definitions2. AdmiraltyjurisdictionofSupremeCourt3. Formofproceedings4. ProcedureandrulesofCourt5. PowersofCourt6. Lawtobeappliedandrulesofevidence7. Disputesastovenueorjurisdiction8. Arrests9. Saleofarrestedproperty10. Vestingofpropertyintrustee,liquidatoror
judicialmanagerexcludedincertaincases10A.PowerofCourtregardingclaims
againstfund11. Rankingofclaims12. Appeals
13. Amendmentofsection2ofAct57of195114. JurisdictionofMagistrates’Courts
notaffected15. ActtobindtheState16. Repealoflaws17. Shorttitleandcommencement
SCHEDULE
1. Definitions
(1)InthisAct,unlessthecontextindicatesotherwise—
“admiraltyaction”meansproceedingsintermsofthisActfortheenforcementofamaritimeclaimwhethersuchproceedingsarebywayofactionorbywayofanyothercompetentprocedure,andincludesanyancillaryorproceduralmeasure,whetherbywayofapplicationorotherwise,inconnectionwithanysuchproceedings;
“container”meansacontainerforthecarriageofgoodsbysea,includinganysuchcontainerwhichisemptyorotherwisetemporarilynotbeingusedforsuchcarriage;
“fund”meansafundmentionedinsection3(11);
“maritimeclaim”meansanyclaimfor,arisingoutoforrelatingto—
(a) theownershipofashiporashareinaship;
(b)thepossession,delivery,employmentorearningsofaship;
(c)anyagreementforthesaleofashiporashareinaship,oranyagreementwithregardtotheownership,possession,delivery,employmentorearningsofaship;
Admiralty Jurisdiction Regulation Act 105 of 1983
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(d) anymortgage,hypothecation,rightofretention,pledgeorotherchargeonorofaship,andanybottomryorrespondentiabond;
(e)damagecausedbyortoaship,whetherby
collisionoorotherwise; (f) lossoflifeorpersonalinjurycausedbya
shiporanydefectinashiporoccurringinconnectionwiththeemploymentofaship;
(g)lossofordamagetogoods(includingthe
baggageandthepersonalbelongingsofthemaster,officersorseamenofaship)carriedorwhichoughttohavebeencarriedinaship,whethersuchclaimarisesoutofanyagreementorotherwise;
(h)thecarriageofgoodsinaship,orany
agreementfororrelatingtosuchcarriage;
(i)anycontainerandanyagreementrelatingtoanycontainer;
(j) anycharterpartyortheuse,hire,
employmentoroperationofaship,whethersuchclaimarisesoutofanyagreementorotherwise;
(k)salvage,includingsalvagerelatingtoanyaircraftandthesharingorapportionmentofsalvageandanyrightinrespectofpropertysalvedorwhichwould,butforthenegligenceordefaultofthesalvororapersonwhoattemptedtosalveit,havebeensalved,andanyclaimarisingoutoftheWreckandSalvageAct,1996;
(l) towageorpilotage;
(m) thesupplyingofgoodsortherenderingofservicesfortheemployment,maintenance,protectionorpreservationofaship;
(n)therendering,bymeansofanyaircraft,shiporothermeans,ofservicesinconnectionwiththecarryingofpersonsorgoodstoorfromaship,ortheprovisionofmedicalorotherservicestoorinrespectofthepersonsonbeingtakentoorfromaship;
(o)paymentsordisbursementsbyamaster,shipper,charterer,agentoranyotherpersonfororonbehalfoforonaccountofashiportheownerorchartererofaship;
(p)theremunerationof,orpaymentsordisbursementsmadeby,ortheactsoromissionsof,anypersonappointedtoactorwhoactedorfailedtoact—
(i)asanagent,whetherasaship’s,clearing,forwardingorotherkindofagent,inrespectofanyshiporanygoodscarriedortobecarriedorwhichwereoroughttohavebeencarriedinaship;or
(ii)asabrokerinrespectofanycharter,saleoranyotheragreementrelatingtoashiporinconnectionwiththecarriageofgoodsinashiporinconnectionwithanyinsuranceofashiporanyportionorpartthereoforofotherpropertyreferredtoinsection3(5);or
(iii)asattorneyoradviserinrespectofanymattermentionedinsubparagraphs(i)and(ii);
(q)thedesign,construction,repairorequipmentofanyship;
(r)dock,harbourorsimilardues,andanycharge,levyorpenaltyimposedundertheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityAct,1998,ortheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityLeviesAct,1998;
(s) theemploymentofanymaster,officer
orseamanofashipinconnectionwithorinrelationtoaship,includingtheremunerationofanysuchperson,andcontributionsinrespectofanysuchpersontoanypensionfund,providentfund,medicalaidfund,benefitfund,similarfund,associationorinstitutioninrelationtoorforthebenefitofanymaster,officerorseaman;
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(t) generalaverageoranyactclaimedtobeageneralaverageact;
(u)marineinsuranceoranypolicyofmarineinsurance,includingtheprotectionandindemnitybyanybodyofpersonsofitsmembersinrespectofmarinematters;
(v)theforfeitureofanyshiporanygoodscarried
thereinortherestorationofanyshiporanysuchgoodsforfeited;
(w)thelimitationofliabilityoftheownerofashiporofanyotherpersonentitledtoanysimilarlimitationofliability;
(x)thedistributionofafundoranyportionofa
fundheldortobeheldby,orinaccordancewiththedirectionsof,anyCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,oranyofficerofanyCourtexercisingsuchjurisdiction;
(y)anymaritimelien,whetherornotfalling
underanyoftheprecedingparagraphs; (z)pollutionoftheseaorthesea-shorebyoil
oranyothersubstanceonoremanatingfromaship;
(aa)anyjudgmentorarbitrationawardrelatingtoamaritimeclaim,whethergivenormadeintheRepublicorelsewhere;
(bb)wrongfulormaliciousproceedingsinrespectoforinvolvinganypropertyreferredtoinsection3(5),orthewrongfulormaliciousarrest,attachmentordetentionofanysuchproperty,whereveranysuchproceedings,arrest,attachmentordetentiontookplace,andwhetherintheRepublicorelsewhere,andanylossordamagecontemplatedinsection5(4);
(cc)piracy,sabotageorterrorismrelatingtopropertymentionedinsection3(5),ortopersonsonanyship;
(dd)anymatternotfallingunderanyofthepreviousparagraphsinrespectofwhichaCourtofAdmiraltyoftheRepublicreferredtointheColonialCourtsofAdmiraltyAct,1890(53and
54Victc.27),oftheUnitedKingdom,wasempoweredtoexerciseadmiraltyjurisdictionimmediatelybeforethecommencementofthisAct,oranymatterinrespectofwhichaCourtoftheRepublicisempoweredtoexerciseadmiraltyjurisdiction;
(ee)anyothermatterwhichbyvirtueofitsnatureorsubjectmatterisamarineormaritimematter,themeaningoftheexpressionmarineormaritimematternotbeinglimitedbyreasonofthematterssetforthintheprecedingparagraphs;and
(ff)anycontribution,indemnityordamageswithregardtoorarisingoutofanyclaiminrespectofanymattermentionedaboveoranymatterancillarythereto,includingtheattachmentofpropertytofoundorconfirmjurisdiction,thegivingorreleaseofanysecurity,andthepaymentofinterest;
“Minister”meanstheMinisterofJustice;
“rules”meanstherulesmadeundersection4orinforcethereunder;
“ship”meansanyvesselusedorcapableofbeingusedontheseaorinternalwaters,andincludesanyhovercraft,powerboat,yacht,fishingboat,submarinevessel,barge,cranebarge,floatingcrane,floatingdock,oilorotherfloatingrig,floatingmooringinstallationorsimilarfloatinginstallation,whetherself-propelledornot;
“thisAct”includestherules.
(2)(a)Anadmiraltyactionshallforanyrelevantpurposecommence—
(i)bytheserviceofanyprocessbywhichthatactionisinstituted;
(ii) bythemakingofanapplicationfortheattachmentofpropertytofoundjurisdiction;
(iii)bytheissueofanyprocessfortheinstitutionofanactioninrem;
(iv) bythegivingofsecurityoranundertakingascontemplatedinsection3(10)(a).
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(b)Anactioncommencedascontemplatedinparagraph(a)shalllapseandbeofnoforceandeffectif—
(i)anapplicationcontemplatedinparagraph(a)(ii)isnotgrantedorisdischargedornotconfirmed;
(ii)noattachmentiseffectedwithintwelvemonthsofthegrantofanorderpursuanttosuchanapplicationorthefinaldecisionoftheapplication;
(iii) aprocesscontemplatedinparagraph(a)(iii)isnotservedwithintwelvemonthsoftheissuethereof;
(iv) thepropertyconcernedisdeemedintermsofsection3(10)(a)(ii)tohavebeenreleasedanddischarged.
(3) Forthepurposesofanactioninrem,achartererbydemiseshallbedeemedtobe,ortohavebeen,theowneroftheshipfortheperiodofthecharterbydemise.
2. Admiralty jurisdiction of Supreme Court
(1) SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,eachprovincialandlocaldivision,includingacircuitlocaldivision,oftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricashallhavejurisdiction(hereinafterreferredtoasadmiraltyjurisdiction)tohearanddetermineanymaritimeclaim(including,inthecaseofsalvage,claimsinrespectofships,cargoorgoodsfoundonland),irrespectiveoftheplacewhereitarose,oftheplaceofregistrationoftheshipconcernedoroftheresidence,domicileornationalityofitsowner.
(2)ForthepurposesofthisActtheareaofjurisdictionofaCourtreferredtoinsubsection(1)shallbedeemedtoincludethatportionoftheterritorialwatersoftheRepublicadjacenttothecoastlineofitsareaofjurisdiction.
3. Form of proceedings
(1) SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,anymaritimeclaimmaybeenforcedbyanactionin personam.
(2)Anactionin personammayonlybeinstitutedagainstaperson—
(a) residentorcarryingonbusinessatanyplaceintheRepublic;
(b) whosepropertywithintheCourt’sarea
ofjurisdictionhasbeenattachedbytheplaintiffortheapplicant,tofoundortoconfirmjurisdiction;
(c) whohasconsentedorsubmittedtothejurisdictionoftheCourt;
(d) inrespectofwhomanyCourtinthe
RepublichasjurisdictionintermsofChapterIVoftheInsuranceAct,1943(ActNo.27of1943);
(e) inthecaseofacompany,ifthecompany
hasaregisteredofficeintheRepublic.
(3) Anactionin personammaynotbeinstitutedinaCourtofwhichtheareaofjurisdictionisnotadjacenttotheterritorialwatersoftheRepublicunless—
(a) inthecaseofaclaimcontemplatedinparagraph(a),(b),(j)or(u)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”,theclaimarisesoutofanagreementconcludedwithintheareaofjurisdictionofthatCourt;
(b) inthecaseofaclaimcontemplatedinparagraph(g)or(h)ofthatdefinition,thegoodsconcernedareorwereshippedunderabillofladingtoorfromaplacewithintheareaofjurisdictionofthatCourt;
(c) themaritimeclaimconcernedrelatestoa
fundwithin,orfreightpayablein,theareaofjurisdictionofthatCourt.
(4) Withoutprejudicetoanyotherremedythatmaybeavailabletoaclaimantortotherulesrelatingtothejoinderofcausesofactionamaritimeclaimmaybeenforcedbyanactionin rem—
(a) iftheclaimanthasamaritimelienoverthepropertytobearrested;or
(b) iftheownerofthepropertytobearrested
wouldbeliabletotheclaimantinanactionin personaminrespectofthecauseofactionconcerned.
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(5) AnactioninremshallbeinstitutedbythearrestwithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourtconcernedofpropertyof1ormoreofthefollowingcategoriesagainstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies:
(a) Theship,withorwithoutitsequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;
(b) thewholeoranypartoftheequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;
(c) thewholeoranypartofthecargo; (d) thefreight; (e) anycontainer,iftheclaimarisesoutofor
relatestotheuseofthatcontainerinoronashiporthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorbywaterotherwiseinthatcontainer;
(f) afund.
(6) Anactioninrem,otherthananactioninrespectofamaritimeclaimreferredtoinparagraph(d)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”,maybebroughtbythearrestofanassociatedshipinsteadoftheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimarose.
(7) (a) Forthepurposeofsubsection(6)anassociatedshipmeansaship,otherthantheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimarose—
(i) owned,atthetimewhentheactioniscommenced,bythepersonwhowastheowneroftheshipconcernedatthetimewhenthemaritimeclaimarose;or
(ii) owned,atthetimewhentheactioniscommenced,byapersonwhocontrolledthecompanywhichownedtheshipconcernedwhenthemaritimeclaimarose;or;
(iii) owned,atthetimewhentheactioniscommenced,byacompanywhichiscontrolledbyapersonwhoownedtheshipconcerned,orcontrolledthecompanywhichownedtheshipconcerned,whenthemaritimeclaimarose.
(b)Forthepurposesofparagraph(a)—
(i) shipsshallbedeemedtobeownedbythesamepersonsifthemajorityinnumberof,orofvotingrightsinrespectof,orthegreaterpart,invalue,of,thesharesintheshipsareownedbythesamepersons;
(ii) apersonshallbedeemedtocontrolacompanyifheorshehaspower,directlyorindirectly,tocontrolthecompany;
(iii) acompanyincludesanyotherjuristicpersonandanybodyofpersons,irrespectiveofwhetherornotanyinterestthereinconsistsofshares.
(c) Ifatanytimeashipwasthesubject
ofacharter-party,thechartererorsubcharterer,asthecasemaybe,shallforthepurposesofsubsection(6)andthissubsectionbedeemedtobetheowneroftheshipconcernedinrespectofanyrelevantmaritimeclaimforwhichthechartererorthesubcharterer,andnottheowner,isallegedtobeliable.
(8) Propertyshallnotbearrestedandsecuritythereforshallnotbegivenmorethanonceinrespectofthesamemaritimeclaimbythesameclaimant.
(9) ......
(10) (a) (i) Propertyshallbedeemedtohavebeenarrestedorattachedandtobeunderarrestorattachmentattheinstanceofapersonifatanytime,whetherbeforeorafterthearrestorattachment,securityoranundertakinghasbeengiventohimorhertopreventthearrestorattachmentofthepropertyortoobtainthereleasethereoffromarrestorattachment.
(ii) Anypropertydeemedintermsof subparagraph(i) tohavebeen arrestedorattached,shallbe deemedtobereleasedand dischargedtherefromifnofurther stepintheproceedings,withregard toaclaimbythepersonconcerned,
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istakenwithin1yearofthegivingof anysuchsecurityorundertaking. (b) Thatsecurityshallforthepurposesof
sections9and10bedeemedtobethefreightortheproceedsofthesaleoftheproperty.
(11) (a) Thereshallinanyparticularcasebeafundconsistingof—
(i) anysecurityorundertakinggivenintermsofsubsection(10)(a),unlesssuchsecurityorundertakingisgiveninrespectofaparticularclaimbyaparticularperson;
(ii) theproceedsofthesaleofanypropertymentionedinsubsection(5)(a)to(e),eitherintermsofanyordermadeintermsofsection9,orinexecutionorotherwise.
(b) Afundshall,forallpurposes,bedeemed
tobethepropertysoldorthepropertyinrespectofwhichthesecurityoranundertakinghasbeengiven.
(c) Ifanactioninremisinstitutedagainstor
inrespectofafundintermsofsubsection(5),theplaintiffshallgivenoticeofthesaidactiontotheregistraroftheCourtorotherpersonholdingthefund,andtoallpersonsknownbytheplaintifftobeinterestedinthefund.
(d) Theinterestofanypersonin,oranyclaim
byanypersonagainst,afundshallbecapableofattachmenttofoundjurisdiction.
4. Procedure and rules of Court
(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,theprovisionsoftheSupremeCourtAct,1959(ActNo.59of1959),andtherulesmadeundersection43ofthatAct,shallmutatismutandisapplyinrelationtoproceedingsintermsofthisAct,exceptinsofarasthoserulesareinconsistentwiththerulesreferredtoinsubsection(2).
(2)TherulesoftheCourtsofAdmiraltyoftheRepublicinforceintermsoftheColonial
CourtsofAdmiraltyAct,1890,oftheUnitedKingdom,immediatelybeforethecommencementofthisAct,shallbedeemedtoberulesmadeundersection43(2)(a)oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959,andshallapplyinrespectofproceedingsintermsofthisAct.
(3)ThepoweroftheChiefJusticetomakerulesundersection43oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959,shallincludethepowertomakerulesprescribingthefollowing:
(a) Theappointmentofanypersonorbody
fortheassessmentoffeesandcostsandthemannerinwhichsuchfeesandcostsaretobeassessed;
(b) measuresaimedatavoidingcircuityor
multiplicityofactions; (c) thepracticeandprocedureforreferring
toarbitrationanymatterarisingoutofproceedingsrelatingtoamaritimeclaim,andtheappointment,remunerationandpowersofanarbitrator.
(4) (a) Notwithstandinganythingtothecontraryinanylawrelatingtoattachmenttofoundorconfirmjurisdiction,aCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionmaymakeanorderfortheattachmentofthepropertyconcernedalthoughtheclaimantisnotanincolaeitheroftheareaofjurisdictionofthatCourtoroftheRepublic.
(b) ACourtmaymakeanorderforthe
attachmentofpropertynotwithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourtatthetimeoftheapplicationoroftheorder,andsuchanordermaybecarriedintoeffectwhenthatpropertycomeswithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourt.
(c) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsection3(3)—
(i) aCourtmaymakeanorderforthearrestorattachment,tofoundjurisdiction,ofpropertynotwithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourtif—
(aa) (aaa)thatpropertyisintheRepublicorislikelytocomeintotheRepublic
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afterthemakingoftheorder;and
(bbb)noCourtintheRepublicotherwisehasjurisdictioninconnectionwiththeclaimorcanotherwiseacquiresuchjurisdictionbyanarrestorattachmenttofoundjurisdiction;or
(bb)otherpropertywithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourthasbeenorisabouttobearrestedorattachedtofoundjurisdictioninconnectionwiththesameclaim;
(ii) anysuchordermaybeexecutedandanyarrestorattachmentpursuant theretoeffectedatanyplaceintheRepublicascontemplatedinsection 26(1)oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959(ActNo.59of1959);
(iii) thearrestorattachmentofany propertypursuanttoanysuchordershallbeanarrestorattachment whichshallfoundtherelevant jurisdictionoftheCourtorderingthearrestorattachment.
(d) ACourtmaymakeanorderforthearrestorattachment,tofoundjurisdiction,ofanyshipwhich,iftheactionconcernedhadbeenanactioninrem,wouldbeanassociatedshipwithregardtotheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimconcernedarose.
5. Powers of Court
(1)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionpermitthejoinderinproceedingsintermsofthisActofanypersonagainstwhomanypartytothoseproceedingshasaclaim,whetherjointlywith,orseparatelyfrom,anypartytothoseproceedings,orfromwhomanypartytothoseproceedingsisentitledtoclaimacontributionoranindemnification,orinrespectofwhomanyquestionorissueintheactionissubstantiallythesameasaquestionorissuewhichhasarisenorwillarisebetweenthepartyandthepersontobejoinedandwhichshouldbedeterminedinsuchamannerastobindthatperson,whetherornottheclaimagainstthelatterisamaritimeclaimandnotwithstandingthefactthatheorsheisnototherwiseamenabletothejurisdictionoftheCourt,whetherby
reasonoftheabsenceofattachmentofhisorherpropertyorotherwise.
(2) ACourtmayintheexerciseofits
admiraltyjurisdiction—
(a) consideranddecideanymatterarisinginconnectionwithanymaritimeclaim,notwithstandingthatanysuchmattermaynotbeonewhichwouldgiverisetoamaritimeclaim;
(b) orderanypersontogivesecurityforcostsorforanyclaim;
(c) orderthatanyarrestorattachment madeortobemadeorthatanything doneortobedoneintermsofthis ActoranyorderoftheCourtbe subjecttosuchconditionsastothe Courtappearsjust,whetherastothe furnishingofsecurityortheliability forcosts,expenses,lossordamage causedorlikelytobecaused,orotherwise;
(dA)notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection3(8),orderthat,inadditiontopropertyalreadyarrestedorattached,furtherpropertybearrestedorattachedinordertoprovideadditionalsecurityforanyclaim,andorderthatanysecuritygivenbeincreased,reducedordischarged,subjecttosuchconditionsastotheCourtappearsjust;
(d) onapplicationmadebeforetheexpiryofanyperiodcontemplatedinsection1(2)(b)or3(10)(a)(ii),oranyextensionthereof,fromtimetotimegrantanextensionofanysuchperiod;
(e) orderthatanymatterpendingorarisinginproceedingsbeforeitbereferredtoanarbitratororrefereefordecisionorreportandprovidefortheappointment,remunerationandpowersofthearbitratororrefereeandforthegivingofeffecttohisorherdecisionorreport;
(f) makesuchorderastointerest,therateofinterestinrespectofanysumawardedbyitandthedatefromwhichinterestistoaccrue,whetherbeforeorafterthedateof
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thecommencementoftheaction,astoitappearsjust;
(g) subjecttotheprovisionsofanylawrelatingtoexchangecontrol,orderpaymenttobemadeinsuchcurrencyotherthanthecurrencyoftheRepublicasinthecircumstancesofthecaseappearsappropriate,andmakesuchorderasseemsjustastothedateuponwhichthecalculationoftheconversionfromanycurrencytoanyothercurrencyshouldbebased.
(3) (a)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionorderthearrestofanypropertyforthepurposeofprovidingsecurityforaclaimwhichisormaybethesubjectofanarbitrationoranyproceedingscontemplated,pendingorproceeding,eitherintheRepublicorelsewhere,andwhetherornotitissubjecttothelawoftheRepublic,ifthepersonseekingthearresthasaclaimenforceablebyanactionin personamagainsttheownerofthepropertyconcernedoranactioninremagainstsuchpropertyorwhichwouldbesoenforceablebutforanysucharbitrationorproceedings.
(aA)Anypropertysoarrestedoranysecurityfor,ortheproceedsof,anysuchpropertyshallbeheldassecurityforanysuchclaimorpendingtheoutcomeofanysucharbitrationorproceedings.
(b)UnlesstheCourtordersotherwiseanypropertysoarrestedshallbedeemedtobepropertyarrestedinanactionintermsofthisAct.
(4)AnypersonwhomakesanexcessiveclaimorrequiresexcessivesecurityorwithoutreasonableandprobablecauseobtainsthearrestofpropertyoranorderofCourt,shallbeliabletoanypersonsufferinglossordamageasaresultthereofforthatlossordamage.
(5) (a) ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionatanytimeontheapplicationofanyinterestedpersonorofitsownmotion—
(i) ifitappearstotheCourttobenecessaryordesirableforthepurposeofdetermininganymaritimeclaim,oranydefencetoanysuchclaim,whichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeaCourt,arbitratororrefereeintheRepublic,makeanorderfortheexamination,testingorinspectionbyanypersonofanyship,cargo,documentsoranyotherthingandforthetakingoftheevidenceofanyperson;
(ii) inmakinganorderintermsofsubparagraph(i),makeanorderthatanypersonwhoappliedforsuchfirst-mentionedordershallbeliableandgivesecurityforanycostsorexpenses,includingthosearisingfromanydelay,occasionedbytheapplicationandthecarryingintoeffectofanysuchorder;
(iii) grantleavetoanysuchpersontoapplyforanorderthatanysuchcostsorexpensesbeconsideredaspartofthecostsoftheproceedings;
(iv) inexceptionalcircumstances,makesuchanorderasiscontemplatedinsubparagraph(i)withregardtoamaritimeclaimwhichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeanyCourt,arbitrator,refereeortribunalelsewherethanintheRepublic,inwhichcasesubparagraphs(ii)and(iii)shallmutatismutandisapply.
(b) TheprovisionsofthisActshallnotaffectanyprivilegerelatingtoanydocumentinthepossessionof,oranycommunicationtoorthegivingofanyevidenceby,anyperson.
6. Law to be applied and rules of evidence
(1)NotwithstandinganythingtothecontraryinanylaworthecommonlawcontainedaCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionshall—
(a) withregardtoanymatterinrespectofwhichaCourtofAdmiraltyoftheRepublicreferredtointheColonialCourtsofAdmiraltyAct,1890,oftheUnitedKingdom,hadjurisdictionimmediately
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beforethecommencementofthisAct,applythelawwhichtheHighCourtofJusticeoftheUnitedKingdomintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionwouldhaveappliedwithregardtosuchamatteratsuchcommencement,insofarasthatlawcanbeapplied;
(b) withregardtoanyothermatter,applytheRoman-DutchlawapplicableintheRepublic.
(2)Theprovisionsofsubsection(1)shallnotderogatefromtheprovisionsofanylawoftheRepublicapplicabletoanyofthematterscontemplatedinparagraph(a)or(b)ofthatsubsection.
(3)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionreceiveasevidencestatementswhichwouldotherwisebeinadmissibleasbeinginthenatureofhearsayevidence,subjecttosuchdirectionsandconditionsastheCourtthinksfit.
(4)Theweighttobeattachedtoevidencecontemplatedinsubsection(3)shallbeinthediscretionoftheCourt.
(5)Theprovisionsofsubsection(1)shallnotsupersedeanyagreementrelatingtothesystemoflawtobeappliedintheeventofadispute.
7. Disputes as to venue or jurisdiction
(1) (a) ACourtmaydeclinetoexerciseitsadmiraltyjurisdictioninanyproceedingsinstitutedortobeinstituted,ifitisoftheopinionthatanyotherCourtintheRepublicoranyotherCourtoranyarbitrator,tribunalorbodyelsewherewillexercisejurisdictioninrespectofthesaidproceedingsandthatitismoreappropriatethattheproceedingsbeadjudicateduponbyanysuchotherCourtorbysucharbitrator,tribunalorbody.
(b)ACourtmaystayanyproceedingsintermsofthisActifitisagreedbythepartiesconcernedthatthematterindisputebereferredtoarbitrationintheRepublicorelsewhere,orifforanyothersufficient
reasontheCourtisoftheopinionthattheproceedingsshouldbestayed.
(2) Wheninanyproceedingsbeforeaprovincialorlocaldivision,includingacircuitlocaldivision,oftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricathequestionarisesastowhetheramatterpendingorproceedingbeforethatCourtisonerelatingtoamaritimeclaim,theCourtshallforthwithdecidethatquestion,andiftheCourtdecidesthat—
(a)thematterisonerelatingtoamaritimeclaim,itshallbeproceededwithinaCourtcompetenttoexerciseitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,andanypropertyattachedtofoundjurisdictionshallbedeemedtohavebeenattachedintermsofthisAct;
(b)thematterisnotonerelatingtoamaritimeclaim,theactionshallproceedinthedivisionhavingjurisdictioninrespectofthematter:ProvidedthatifjurisdictionwasconferredbytheattachmentofpropertybyapersonotherthananincolaoftheCourt,theCourtmayordertheactiontoproceedasifthepropertyhadbeenattachedbyanincola,ormaymakesuchotherorder,includinganorderdismissingtheactionforwantofjurisdiction,astoitappearsjust.
(3)Theprovisionsofsubsection(2)shallnotaffectanyotherobjectiontothejurisdictionofanyCourt.
(4)Noappealshalllieagainstanydecisionor ordermadeundersubsection(2).
(5)TheMinistermay,ontherecommendationofthejudgepresidentofanyprovincialdivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfrica,submitthequestionastowhetherornotaparticularmattergivesrisetoamaritimeclaim,totheAppellateDivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricaandmaycausethatquestiontobearguedbeforethatdivisionsothatitmaydecidethequestionforfutureguidance.
8. Arrests
(1)Wherepropertyhasbeenattachedtofoundortoconfirmjurisdictionatcommonlaw,thatpropertymayneverthelessbearrestedin
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connectionwithamaritimeclaim,subjecttosuchdirectionsastheCourtthinksfit.
(2)Wherepropertyhasbeenattachedtofoundortoconfirmjurisdictionrelatingtoamaritimeclaim,sections9,10and11ofthisActshallapplyasifthepropertyhadbeenarrestedinanactioninrem,whetherornotthepropertyhasbeenarrestedintermsofthisAct.
9. Sale of arrested property
(1)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionatanytimeorderthatanypropertywhichhasbeenarrestedintermsofthisActbesold.
(2)TheproceedsofanypropertysosoldshallconstituteafundtobeheldinCourtortobeotherwisedealtwith,asmaybeprovidedbytherulesorbyanyorderofCourt.
(3)AnysaleintermsofanyorderofCourtshallnotbesubjecttoanymortgage,lien,hypothecation,oranyotherchargeofanynaturewhatsoever.
10. Vesting of property in trustee, liquidator or
judicial manager excluded in certain cases
Anypropertyarrestedinrespectofamaritimeclaimoranysecuritygiveninrespectofanyproperty,ortheproceedsofanypropertysoldinexecutionorunderanorderofaCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,shallnot,exceptasprovidedinsection11(13),vestinatrusteeininsolvencyandshallnotformpartoftheassetstobeadministeredbyaliquidatororjudicialmanageroftheownerofthepropertyorofanyotherpersonwhomightotherwisebeentitledtosuchproperty,securityorproceeds,andnoproceedingsinrespectofsuchproperty,securityorproceeds,ortheclaiminrespectofwhichthatpropertywasarrested,shallbestayedbyorbyreasonofanysequestration,winding-uporjudicialmanagementwithrespecttothatownerorperson.
10A. Power of Court regarding claims
against fund
(1)TheCourtmaymakeanorderwithregardtothedistributionofafundorpaymentoutofanyportionofafundorproofofclaimsagainstafund,includingthereferringofanyoforallsuchclaimstoarefereezintermsofsection5(2)(e).
(2) (a)IfanorderismadereferringallsuchclaimstoarefereeoriftheCourtsoorders,allproceedingsinrespectofclaimswhicharecapableofproofforparticipationinthedistributionofthefundshallbestayedandanysuchclaimshallbeprovedonlyinaccordancewithsuchorder.
(b)Thecostsofanyproceedingsalreadyinstitutedbutwhichhavebeenstayedintermsofparagraph(a)shallbeaddedtoanyrelevantclaimprovedinaccordancewithanysuchorder.
(3) (a)Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection11(2)and(9),anyclaimantsubmittingasproofofaclaimadefaultjudgmentmayberequiredbytherefereeorotherpersontowhomtheclaimissubmittedorbyanypersonhavinganinterestinthefund,tofurnishevidencejustifyingthesaidjudgment.
(b)Ifaclaimantisintermsofparagraph(a)requiredtofurnishsuchevidence,thejudgmentaloneshallnotbesufficientproofoftheclaim.
(c)Anypersonotherthanarefereesorequiringaclaimanttofurnishsuchevidenceshallbeliableforanycostsincurredbysuchclaimantinsodoing,unlesstheclaimantfailstojustifythesaidjudgmentoraCourtotherwiseorders.
(4) (a) Aclaimwhichissubjecttoasuspensiveorresolutiveconditionorotherwisenotyetenforceableorisvoidablemaybeproved,whereappropriate,onthebasisofanestimateorvaluation,butnodistributionshallbemadeinrespectthereofuntilithasbecomeenforceableornolongervoidable.
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(b) TheCourtmaymakeanorderastothetimewhenaclaimcontemplatedinparagraph(a)whichhasnotbecomeenforceableorisvoidableshallnolongerbetakenintoaccountforthepurposesofthedistributioninquestionornolongerberegardedasvoidable.
11. Ranking of claims
(1) (a) Ifpropertymentionedinsection3(5)(a)to(e)issoldinexecutionorconstitutesafundcontemplatedinsection3(11),therelevantmaritimeclaimsmentionedinsubsection(2)shallbepaidintheorderprescribedbysubsections(5)and(11).
(b)Propertyotherthanpropertymentionedinparagraph(a)may,inrespectofamaritimeclaim,besoldinexecution,andtheproceedsthereofdistributed,intheordinarymanner.
(2) Theclaimscontemplatedinsubsection(1)(a)areclaimsmentionedinsubsection(4)andconfirmedbyajudgmentofaCourtintheRepublicorprovedintheordinarymanner.
(3) Anyreferenceinthissectiontoashipshall,whereappropriate,includeareferencetoanyotherpropertymentionedinsection3(5)(a)to(e).
(4) Theclaimsmentionedinsubsection(2)arethefollowing,namely—
(a) aclaiminrespectofcostsandexpensesincurredtopreservethepropertyinquestionortoprocureitssaleandinrespectofthedistributionoftheproceedsofthesale;
(b) aclaimtoapreferencebasedonpossessionofthepropertyinquestion,whetherbywayofarightofretentionorotherwise;
(c) aclaimwhicharosenotearlierthan1yearbeforethecommencementofproceedingstoenforceitorbeforethesubmissionofproofthereofandwhichisaclaim—
(i) contemplatedinparagraph(s)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”;
(ii) inrespectofport,canal,otherwaterwaysorpilotagedues,andanycharge,levyorpenaltyimposedundertheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityAct,1998,ortheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityLeviesAct,1998;
(iii) inrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjury,whetheroccurringonlandoronwater,directlyresultingfromemploymentoftheship;
(iv) inrespectoflossofordamagetoproperty,whetheroccurringonlandoronwaterresultingfromdelict,andnotgivingrisetoacauseofactionbasedoncontract,anddirectlyresultingfromtheoperationoftheship;
(v) inrespectoftherepairoftheship, orthesupplyofgoodsortherenderingofservicestoorin relationtoashipforthe employment,maintenance, protectionorpreservationthereof;
(vi) inrespectofthesalvageoftheship,removalofanywreckofaship,andanycontributioninrespectofageneralaverageactorsacrificeinconnectionwiththeship;
(vii) inrespectofpremiumsowingunderanypolicyofmarineinsurancewithregardtoashiportheliabilityofanypersonarisingfromtheoperationthereof;or
(viii) byanybodyofpersonsforcontributionswithregardtotheprotectionandindemnityofitsmembersagainstanyliabilitymentionedinsubparagraph(vii);
(d) aclaiminrespectofanymortgage,hypothecationorrightofretentionof,andanyotherchargeon,theship,effectedorvalidinaccordancewiththelawoftheflagofaship,andinrespectofanylientowhichanypersonmentionedinparagraph(o)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”isentitled;
(e) aclaiminrespectofanymaritimelienontheshipnotmentionedinanyoftheprecedingparagraphs;
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(f) anyothermaritimeclaim.
(5) Theclaimsmentionedinparagraphs(b)to(f)ofsubsection(4)shallrankafteranyclaimreferredtoinparagraph(a)ofthatsubsection,andinaccordancewiththefollowingrules,namely—
(a) aclaimreferredtointhesaidparagraph(b)shall,subjecttoparagraph(b)ofthissubsection,rankbeforeanyclaimarisingafterit;
(b) aclaimofthenaturecontemplatedinparagraph(c)(vi)ofthatsubsection,whetherornotarisingwithintheperiodof1yearmentionedinthesaidparagraph,shallrankbeforeanyotherclaim;
(c) otherwiseanyclaimmentionedinanyofthesubparagraphsofthesaidparagraph(c)shallrankparipassuwithanyotherclaimmentionedinthesamesubparagraph,irrespectiveofwhensuchclaimsarose;
(d) claimsmentionedinparagraph(d)ofsubsection(4)shall,amongthemselves,rankaccordingtothelawoftheflagoftheship;
(e) claimsmentionedinparagraph(e)ofsubsection(4)shall,amongthemselves,rankintheirpriorityaccordingtolaw;
(f) claimsmentionedinparagraph(f)ofsubsection(4)shallrankintheirorderofpreferenceaccordingtothelawofinsolvency;
(g) saveasotherwiseprovidedinthissubsection,claimsshallrankintheorderinwhichtheyaresetforthinthesaidsubsection(4).
(6) Forthepurposesofsubsection(5),aclaiminconnectionwithsalvageortheremovalofwreckshallbedeemedtohavearisenwhenthesalvageoperationortheremovalofthewreck,asthecasemaybe,terminated,andaclaiminconnectionwithcontributioninrespectofgeneralaverage,whenthegeneralaverageactoccurred.
(7) ACourtmay,intheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,ontheapplicationofanyinterestedperson,makeanorderdeclaringhowanyclaimagainstafundshallrank.
(8) Anypersonwhohas,atanytime,paidanyclaimoranypartthereofwhich,ifnotpaid,wouldhaverankedunderthissection,shallbeentitledtoalltherights,privilegesandpreferencestowhichthepersonpaidwouldhavebeenentitlediftheclaimhadnotbeenpaid.
(9) Ajudgmentoranarbitrationawardshallrankinaccordancewiththeclaiminrespectofwhichitwasgivenormade.
(10) Interestonanyclaimandthecostsofenforcingaclaimshall,forthepurposesofthissection,bedeemedtoformpartoftheclaim.
(11) Inthecaseofclaimsagainstafundwhichconsistsoftheproceedsofthesaleof,oranysecurityorundertakinggiveninrespectof,aship(hereinafterreferredtoastheshipgivingrisetothefund)whichisanassociatedshipinrelationtotheshipinrespectofwhichtheclaimsarose,thefollowingrulesshallapply,namely—
(a) allclaimswhichfallunderparagraphs(b)to(e)ofsubsection(4)andwhicharoseinrespectofashipinrelationtowhichtheshipgivingrisetothefundissuchanassociatedshipasiscontemplatedinsection3(7)(a)(i),shallrankimmediatelyafterclaimswhichfallunderthesaidparagraphsandwhicharosedirectlyinrespectoftheshipgivingrisetothefundconcernedandafteranyclaimswhichfallunderparagraph(f)ofsubsection(4)andwhicharosefrom,orarerelateddirectlyto,theoperationof(includingthecarriageofgoodsin)theshipgivingrisetothefundconcerned;
(b) allclaimswhichfallunderthesaidparagraphs(b)to(e)andwhicharoseinrespectofashipinrelationtowhichtheshipgivingrisetothefundissuchanassociatedshipasiscontemplatedinsection3(7)(a)(ii)or(iii)shallrank
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immediatelyafteranyclaimsmentionedinparagraph(a)ofthissubsectionor,iftherearenosuchclaims,immediatelyafterclaimswhichfallunderthesaidparagraphsandwhicharosedirectlyinrespectoftheshipgivingrisetothefundconcerned;and
(c) theprovisionsofsubsections(5)and(9)shallapplywithregardtoanyclaimmentionedinparagraph(a)or(b).
(12) Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofthissection,anyundertakingorsecuritygivenwithrespecttoaparticularclaimshallbeappliedinsatisfactionofthatclaimonly.
(13) Anybalanceremainingaftertheclaimsmentionedinparagraphs(a)to(e)ofsubsection(4)andtheclaimsmentionedinsubsection(11)havebeenpaid,shallbepaidovertoanytrustee,liquidatororjudicialmanagerwho,butfortheprovisionsofsection10,wouldhavebeenentitledtheretoorotherwisetoanyotherpersonentitledthereto.
12. Appeals
AjudgmentororderofaCourtinthe exerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionshall besubjecttoappealasifsuchjudgment ororderwerethatofaprovincialorlocal divisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouth Africaincivilproceedings.
13. Amendment of section 2 of Act 57 of 1951,
as amended by section 3 of Act 30 of 1959,
section 31 of Act 69 of 1962, section 1 of Act 40 of
1963, section 1 of Act 13 of 1965, section 1 of Act
42 of 1969, section 1 of Act 24 of 1974, section 1
of Act 5 of 1976 and section 1 of Act 3 of 1981
Section2oftheMerchantShippingAct,1951(ActNo.57of1951),isherebyamendedbythesubstitutioninsubsection(2)forthedefinitionof“SuperiorCourt”ofthefollowingdefinition:
“‘SuperiorCourt’meansadivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfrica,saveinsections43,45,89,292,330and356(1)(xxxv),whereitmeansaCourtexercisingitsadmiraltyjurisdictionundertheAdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct,1983;”.
14. Jurisdiction of Magistrates’ Courts
not affected
ThisActshallnotderogatefromthejurisdictionwhichaMagistrate’sCourthasundersections131,136and151oftheMerchantShippingAct,1951.
15. Act to bind the State
ThisActshallbindtheState.
16. Repeal of laws
(1)ThelawsmentionedintheScheduleareherebyrepealedtotheextentsetoutinthethirdcolumnoftheSchedule.
(2)ProceedingsinstitutedbeforethecommencementofthisActshallbeproceededwithasifthisActhadnotbeenenacted.
(3)Forthepurposesofsubsection(2)proceedingsshallbedeemedtohavecommenceduponserviceofthewritofsummons.
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17. Short title and commencement
ThisActshallbecalledtheAdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct,1983,andshallcomeintooperationonadatefixedbytheStatePresidentbyproclamationintheGazette.
RULESREGULATINGTHECONDUCTOFTHEADMIRALTYPROCEEDINGSOFTHESEVERALPROVINCIALANDLOCALDIVISIONSOFTHESUPREMECOURTOFSOUTHAFRICA
[GNR571inGG17926of18April1997]
asamendedby:
GNR655inGG17968of2May1997GNR1026inGG19136of7August1998
TheRulesBoardforCourtsofLawhas,undersection6oftheRulesBoardforCourtsofLawAct,1985(Act107of1985),withtheapprovaloftheMinisterofJustice,madetherulesintheSchedule.
ARRANGEMENT OF REGULATIONS
1. Definitions2. Summons3. Provisionalsentenceproceedings4. Arrestandrelease5. Attachmenttofoundorconfirmjurisdiction6. Serviceinrem7. Servicein personamandserviceofany
otherprocess8. Noticeofintentiontodefend9. Generalrulesastopleadings10. Claiminreconvention11. Thirdparties12. Closeofpleadings13. Requestforfurtherparticulars14. Preliminaryprocedures15. Discoveryofdocuments16. Pre-trialprocedure
17. Trial18. Applications19. Variationofperiodsoftimeandnon-compliance20.Vexatiousorirregularproceedings21. Propertyarrestedorattached,judicialsalesand theappointmentofreferees22.Filing,deliveryandpreparationofpapers23.Representativeactionsandlimitationsofliability24.Exclusionofcertainrulesoftheuniformrules25.DirectionsbytheCourt26.Repealofrules27. Commencement
FIRST SCHEDULE
1.Summons2.WarrantofArrest3.Summons:ProvisionalSentence
1. Definitions
(1)Intheserules,unlessthecontextotherwiseindicates—
“Act”meanstheAdmiraltyJurisdiction RegulationAct,1983(ActNo.105of1983);
“admiraltyproceedings”means proceedingsbeforetheCourt;
“Court”meansaCourtexercisingadmiralty jurisdictionundertheAct;
“summons”includesedictalcitation;
“UniformRules”meanstherulesmade undersection43oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959(ActNo.59of1959),regulating theconductoftheproceedingsofthe severalprovincialandlocaldivisionsofthe SupremeCourtofSouthAfrica;
“pleading”includesparticularsofclaim,plea,claiminreconvention,thirdparty
Admiralty Proceedings Rules
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noticeandpleadingsconsequentupontheaforegoing,butexcludesarequestfor particularsoranswerthereto;and
“warrant”meansawarrantofarrest.
(2) Inthecomputationofanyperiodoftime expressedindays,whetherprescribedbytheserules,fixedbyanyorderofCourtorotherwisedetermined,onlyCourtdaysshallbeincluded.
(3) Thedefinitionsinrule1oftheUniformRulesshallapplytoanywordorexpressionnotdefinedinthisrule.
2. Summons(1) (a)Asummonsshallbeinaform
correspondingtoForm1oftheFirstScheduleandshallcontainaclearandconcisestatementofthenatureoftheclaimandoftherelieforremedyrequiredandoftheamountclaimed,ifany.
(b)Thestatementreferredtoinparagraph(a)shallcontainsufficientparticularstoenablethedefendanttoidentifythefactsandcontentionsuponwhichtheclaimisbased.
(2) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubrule(3),thesummonsshallsetforththemattersreferredtoinrule17(4)oftheUniformRules.
(3) Apartymaybedescribedastheownerorinsureroftheanamedshiporofthecargoinorformerlyinanamedshiporastheowner,masterandcrewofaship,orinanyothersimilarmanner,andinanysuchcasethepartyneedbefurthernamedordescribedinthepleadingsandmaysueorbesuedassuch.
(4) Inthecaseofanactioninremthepropertyinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies,assetforthinsection3(5)oftheAct,shallbedescribedasthedefendant.
(5) Whereproceedingsaretakeninrespectofamaritimeclaimreferredtoinparagraph(x)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”insection1(1)oftheActforthedistributionofanyfund,
orwherepropertyisdeemedtohavebeenarrestedorattachedintermsofsection3(10)oftheAct,thefundorthepropertyinrespectofwhichanundertakingisgivenmaybedescribedasthedefendant.
3. Provisional sentence proceedings
Rule8oftheUniformRulesshallapplyinrespectofprovisionalsentenceproceedingsinconjunctionwiththeruleswithregardtoinremproceedings,whichrulesshallapplymutatis mutandis.
4. Arrest and release
(1) Anarrestinanactioninremshallbeeffectedbytheserviceofawarrantinaccordancewiththeserulesorbythegivingofsecurityascontemplatedinsection3(10)oftheAct.
(2) (a)AwarrantshallbeissuedbytheregistrarandshallbeinaformcorrespondingtoForm2oftheFirstSchedule.
(b)Theregistrarmayrefertoajudgethequestionwhetherawarrantshouldbeissued.
(c)Anysuchquestionshallbesoreferredifitappearsfromacertificatecontemplatedinrule4(3)oriftheregistrarotherwisehasknowledgethatsecurityoranundertakinghasbeengivenintermsofsection3(10)(a)oftheActtopreventarrestorattachmentofthepropertyinquestion.
(d)Ifaquestionhasbeensoreferredtoajudge,thejudgemayauthorisetheregistrartoissueawarrant,ormaygivesuchdirectionsasheorshedeemsfittocausethequestionofwhetherawarrantshouldbeissuedtobeargued.
(e)Ifaquestionhasbeensoreferredtoajudge,nowarrantshallbeissuedunlessthejudgehasauthorisedtheregistrartoissueawarrant.
(3) SavewheretheCourthasorderedthearrestofproperty,theregistrarshallissueawarrantonlyifsummonsintheactionhasbeenissued
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andacertificatesignedbythepartycausingthewarranttobeissuedissubmittedtohimorherstating—
(a)thattheclaimisamaritimeclaimandthattheclaimisoneinrespectofwhichtheCourthasjurisdictionoroneinrespectofwhichtheCourtwillhavejurisdictionontheeffectingofthearrest;
(b)thatpropertysoughttobearrestedisthepropertyinrespectofwhichtheclaimliesor,wherethearrestissoughtintermsofsection3(6)oftheAct,thattheshipisanassociatedshipwhichmaybearrestedintermsofthesaidsection;
(c)whetheranysecurityorundertakinghasbeengiveninrespectoftheclaimofthepartyconcernedtoprocurethereleaseorpreventthearrestorattachmentofthepropertysoughttobearrestedand,ifso,whatsecurityorundertakinghasbeengivenandthegroundsforseekingarrestnotwithstandingthefactthatanysuchsecurityorundertakinghasbeengiven;and
(d)thatthecontentsofthecertificatearetrueandcorrecttothebestoftheknowledge,informationandbeliefofthesignatoryandthesourceofanysuchknowledgeandinformation.
(4) (a)Anypersonwhointendstoinstituteanactioninremagainstanypropertywhichhasbeenarrestedorattachedmayfilewiththeregistrarandserve,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofrules6(2)and(3),anoticeofsuchintention.
(b)Acopyofthenoticeshallalsobeservedon—
(i)thepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedorhisorherattorneys;
(ii) allpartiesofrecord;and (iii)theportcaptain.
(c)Whensuchanoticehasbeenfiledandserved,thepropertyshallnotbereleasedfromarrestorattachmentunlessthepersondesiringtoobtainthereleaseof
thepropertyhasgivennoticetothepersonwhohasfiledthenoticethatheorshedesirestoobtainthesaidrelease.
(d)Wherenoticeunderparagraph(a)hasbeengivenandthepersonwhogavesuchnoticehasnotconsentedtothereleaseofthepropertyor,inanyothercase,ifthepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedhasnotconsentedtothereleaseoftheproperty,thepropertyshallnotbereleasedunlesstheCourtsoorders.
(5) (a)Propertyunderarrestshallbereleasedonlyintermsofareleasewarrantdirectedtothesheriffandissuedbytheregistrar.
(b)Serviceofsuchwarrantshallbeeffectedonthepropertyarrestedandonallpersonsreferredtoinsubrule(4)(b).
(6)Anypersongivingsecurityoranundertakingintermsofsection3(10)oftheActtopreventthearrestorattachmentofpropertyshallappointanaddresscontemplatedinrule19(3)oftheUniformRulesatwhichanysummonsorwarrantinanactioninremagainstthepropertymaybeserved.
(7) (a)Incaseswherenonoticehasbeengivenundersubrule(4),areleasewarrantshallbeissuedonly—
(i) withtheconsentofthepersonwho
causedthearresttobeeffected;or (ii)onthegivingofsecurityinasum
representingthevalueofthepropertyortheamountoftheclaimsofthepersonwhohascausedthearresttobeeffected.
(b)Incaseswherenoticehasbeengivenundersubrule(4)(a),areleasewarrantshallbeissuedonly—
(i)withtheconsentofthepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedandtheconsentofallpersonswhohavegivenanysuchnotice;or
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(ii)onthegivingofsecurityinthesumrepresentingthevalueofthepropertyortheamountoftheclaimsofthepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedandofallthepersonswhohavegivennoticeintermsofsubrule(4)(a)andhavenotconsentedtotherelease.
(c)Notwithstandingparagraphs(a)and(b),theCourtmayordertheissueofareleasewarrant.
(8)Areleasewarrantshallapplyonlywithregardtotheparticulararrestreferredtointhewarrant.
(9) (a) Subjecttoparagraph(b)anysecurityshallbeinaformacceptabletotheregistrar.
(b)Anydisputewithregardtoanyrelease,includinganydisputerelatingtotheformoramountofanysecurityorthevalueofanyproperty,shallbereferredtotheCourt,whichmayitselfresolvethedisputeormaygivesuchdirectionsasitdeemsappropriatefortheresolutionofthedispute.
5. Attachment to found or confirm jurisdiction
(1)Anapplicationfortheattachmentofproperty tofoundorconfirmjurisdictionmaybemade exparte,unlesstheCourtotherwiseorders.
(2)Theapplicantshall,inadditiontoanyotherrequirementforanapplicationintermsofsubrule(1),satisfytheCourtmutatismutandiswithregardtothefactsandmattersreferredtoinparagraph(a)and(c)ofrule4(3).
(3)TheorderofaCourtonanapplicationcontemplatedinsubrule(1),whichshallbeservedinthemannersetforthintheorder,shallordertheattachmentofthepropertyinquestionandshallfurthercalluponallinterestedpersonstoshowcauseonthedatestatedintheorderwhytheorderforattachmentshouldnotbeconfirmed.
(4) (a) Apersondesiringtoobtainthereleaseofpropertywhichhasbeenattachedtofoundorconfirmjurisdictionmay,subject
torule4(7)andanyordermadeintermsofsection5(2)oftheAct,obtainsuchreleaseongivingsecurityfortheclaimtothepersonwhocausedthesaidpropertytobeattachedormayapplytotheCourtforthereleaseofthepropertyongoodcauseshown.
(b)Rule21shallmutatismutandisapplyinrespectofsecuritygivenintermsofparagraph(a).
6. Service in rem
(1) (a)Nosummonsorwarrantshallbeservedifmorethan1yearhasexpiredsincethedatewhenitwasissuedunlesstheCourthas,beforetheexpiryoftheperiodof1year,onapplication,grantedleaveforthesummonsorwarranttobeservedwithinsuchfurtherperiodastheCourtmaydeemfit.
(b)Inanapplicationintermsofparagraph(a)itshallnotbenecessarytogivenoticeofapplicationtoanypersonwhoisnotonrecordwiththeregistrarasapartytothematterconcerned:ProvidedthatanypartytowhomnoticeoftheapplicationhasnotbeengivenandwhomaybeaffectedbytheordergrantedpursuanttheretomayapplytotheCourt,onnoticetothepartytowhomtheorderinquestionhasbeengranted,fortherevocationoramendmentoftheordergrantedintheabsenceofthatparty.
(2) Asummonsinanactioninremshallbeservedonthepropertyinrespectofwhichtheactionisbroughtinthesamemannerasthatinwhichawarrantisservedinaccordancewiththisrule.
(3) Awarrantinanactioninremshallbeserved—
(a)inthecaseofashiporitsequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers,byaffixingacopyofthewarranttoanymast,ortoanysuitablepartoftheship,equipment,furniture,storesorbunkersandbyhandingafurthercopytothemasterorotherpersoninchargeoftheship;
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(b)inthecaseofcargo,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothepersoninchargeofthecargoand,unlessthesaidpersonwillnotpermitaccesstothecargoorthecargohasnotbeenlandedoritisnotpracticalsotodo,byaffixingafurthercopytothecargo;
(c)inthecaseoffreight,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothepersonbywhomthefreightispayable;
(d)inthecaseofacontainer,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothepersoninchargeofthecontainerand,unlessthesaidpersonwillnotpermitaccesstothecontainer,orthecontainerhasnotbeenlandedoritisnotpracticalsotodo,byaffixingafurthercopytothecontainer.
(e) inthecaseofafund,byhandingacopyofthewarranttotheregistrarand,shouldarefereehavebeenappointedbytheCourtinrespectofthefundinquestion,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothereferee;
(f) inthecaseofpropertydeemedtohavebeenarrestedintermsofsection3(10)(a)oftheAct,byservingthewarrantupontheaddressforserviceappointedintermsofrule4(6);
(g)inanyothermannerorderedbytheCourt.
(4) Ifpropertyhasbeensold,serviceshallbeeffectedonthepersonhavingcustodyoftheproceeds.
7. Service in personam and service of any
other process
(1) Subjecttotheprovisionsofthisruleandrule6,serviceofasummonsin personamandotherprocessdirectedtothesheriffshallbeeffectedbythesheriffinthemannersetoutinrule4oftheUniformRules.
(2) Itshallbepermissibletoserveawarrantofarrestandasummonsinrematanytimeandonanydayoftheweekshouldcircumstancesrenderitnecessarytodoso.
8. Notice of intention to defend
(1) Theprovisionsofrule19oftheUniformRules,otherthantheprovisotorule19(1)oftheUniformRules,shall,subjecttorule22,mutatismutandisapplytoanoticeofintentiontodefendanactioninadmiraltyproceedings.
(2) Wheresummonshasbeenissuedinanactioninrem,anypersonhavinganinterestinthepropertyconcernedmay,atanytimebeforetheexpiryof10daysfromtheserviceofthesummons,givenoticeofintentiontodefendandmaydefendtheactionasaparty.
(3) Apersongivingnoticeofintentiontodefendanactioninremshallnotmerelybyreasonthereofincuranyliabilityandshall,inparticular,notbecomeliablein personam,saveastocosts,merelybyreasonofhavinggivensuchnoticeandhavingdefendedtheactioninrem.
(4) Noticeofintentiontodefendmaybegivenwhenasummonshasbeenissued,notwithstandingthatthesummonshasnotbeenserveduponthepersongivingnoticeofintentiontodefend,oranyotherperson.
9. General rules as to pleadings
(1) Nopleadingshallberequiredinanactionunlessnoticeofintentiontodefendisdeliveredtherein.
(2) (a)Ineveryactioninwhichnoticeofintentiontodefendhasbeendelivered,theplaintiffshallwithin10daysthereafterdeliverhisorherparticularsofclaim.
(b)Thedefendantshall,within10daysafterdeliveryoftheparticularsofclaim,deliveraplea.
(c)Anypartymay,consequentuponapleadingdeliveredbyanotherpartytotheaction,deliveranyfurtherpleadingwithin10daysafterthedeliveryoftheprecedingpleading:Providedthatnoreplicationorsubsequentpleadingwhichwouldbeamerejoinderofissueorbaredenialofallegationsinthepreviouspleadingshallbenecessary.
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(d)Ifanypartyfailstodeliveranypleadingwithinthetimelimitlaiddowninthisruleorwithinanyextendedtimeallowedintermshereof,anyotherpartymaybynoticeserveduponhimorherrequirehimorhertodeliverthatpleadingwithinfivedaysafterthedayuponwhichthenoticeisdelivered.
(e)Anypartyfailingtodeliverthepleadingwithinthetimestatedinthenoticereferredtoinparagraph(d)orwithinsuchfurtherperiodasmaybeagreedbetweenthepartiesorasmaybeorderedbytheCourtshallbeindefaultoffilingsuchpleadingandipsofactobarred.
(3) (a) Everypleadingshallcontainaclearandconcisestatementofthematerialfactsuponwhichthepartyreliesforhisorherclaim,defenceoranswerasthereinsetforth,withsufficientparticularitytoenabletheoppositepartytoreplythereto.
(b)Everypleaandsubsequentpleadingshalladmit,denyorconfessandavoidallthematerialfactsallegedinthepleadingprecedingit,orstatewhichfactsarenotadmittedandtowhatextent.
(c) Itshallnotbeanobjectiontoanyfurtherpleadingafterapleaortoareplyingaffidavitorfurtheraffidavitafterareplyingaffidavitthatitraisesnewmattersor,inthecaseofanyfurtherpleadingafteraplea,thatitconstitutesadeparturefromapreviousallegationmadebythesamepartyandanysuchdepartureshallbedeemedtobeinthealternativetoanysuchpreviousallegation.
(4) Wheredamagesareclaimed,itshallnotbenecessarytostateparticularsofdamage:Providedthattheamountandnatureofthedamagesclaimedshallbestated.
(5) (a) Nofurtherparticularsmayberequestedforthepurposesofpleadingandnoexceptionmaybetakentoanypleadingonthegroundthatitisvagueandembarrassing.
(b)(i)Whereanypleadinglacksavermentswhicharenecessarytosustainan
actionordefence,theopposingpartymaywithin10daysafterreceiptofthepleadingdeliveranexceptiontheretoandmaycauseittobesetdownforhearing.
(ii) Thenoticeofexceptionshallclearlyandconciselyspecifythegrounduponwhichtheexceptionisfounded.
(6) Apartywho,despitedueenquiryandendeavour,isunabletofurnisharequisiteparticularinapleadingshallbeentitledtostatethatfactinthepleading:Providethat—
(a) thepartyshallinthepleadingspecifyinwhichrespectheorsheisunabletofurnishsuchparticular;
(b) thepartyshallbywayofanaddendumtothepleadingfurnishsuchparticularassoonasitcomestohisorherknowledge,butinanycasenotlaterthansixweeksbeforethedateofthetrial;and
(c) apartywhoimproperlyclaimsinapleadingthatheorsheisunabletofurnishsuchparticularshallbeliableforcoststotheextentwhichtheCourtmayorder.
(7) TheprovisionsofthisruleshallnotaffectthepowersoftheCourtintermsofrule20.
(8) ACourtmayinitsdiscretionorder,orthepartiesconcernedmayagree,thatanyactionbetriedwithoutpleadings:Providedthattheissuesshallbedefinedinanysuchorderoragreement.
10. Claim in reconvention
Adefendantandanypersongivingnoticeofintentiontodefendinanactioninremmayclaiminreconventionagainsttheplaintiff,eitheraloneorwithanyotherperson.
11. Third parties
(1) Ifapartyallegesthatheorsheisentitledtoclaimacontributionfromorindemnificationagainstanyotherperson(hereinaftercalleda“thirdparty”)orthatanyissueorquestionintheproceedingstowhichheorsheisaparty
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hasarisenorwillarisebetweenhimorherandthethirdpartyandshouldbedeterminedintheproceedings,heorshemaycauseathirdpartynoticetobeissuedandserveduponthethirdpartyinaccordancewithForm7oftheFirstScheduletotheUniformRules.
(2) Inanythirdpartynoticethesaidquestionorissueand,ifanyreliefisclaimedagainstthethirdparty,thegroundsuponwhichsuchreliefisclaimedshallbestatedinthesamemannerassuchgroundswouldbestatedintheparticularsofclaim.
(3) AthirdpartynoticemayafterthecloseofpleadingsbeissuedonlywiththeleaveoftheCourt.
(4) Athirdpartynoticeshallbeaccompaniedbycopiesofallthepleadingsissuedtodate,butthepleadingsshallnotbeannexedtothethirdpartynotice.
(5) (a)Athirdpartyshallbedeemedtobeadefendanttoanyclaiminthethirdpartynoticeandmaydeliveranypleadingsaccordingly.
(b)Athirdpartymayinanysuchpleadingsraiseanypleawithregardtotheclaimoftheplaintiffintheaction.
(c)Unlessathirdpartyinhisorherpleadingsexpresslystatesthecontrary,heorsheshallbedeemedtohaveagreedtobeboundbyanyadmission,agreementorcompromisemadebythedefendantwithregardtotheclaimoftheplaintiffagainstthedefendant.
(6) Athirdpartyoradefendantinreconventionmayinlikemannerbringinfurtherpartiestobeappropriatelydescribedas,forinstance,afourthpartyorthirdpartyinreconvention,andforthepurposesoftheproceedingsanysuchfurtherpartyshallbedeemedtobeathirdparty.
12. Close of pleadings
Pleadingsshallbeclosedwhenthetimehasexpiredforthedeliveryofanyfurtherpleadingandnosuch
pleadinghasbeendelivered,orwhenapleadinghasbeenfiledjoiningissue,withouttheadditionofanyfurtherpleading.
13. Request for further particulars
(1) Atanytimeafterthecloseofpleadingsapartymaydeliverarequestforfurtherparticularswithregardtothepleadingofanyotherpartytotheactionforthepurposeofenablingthepartydeliveringtherequesttopreparefortrial.
(2) (a)Particularsmayberequestedofadenialorwithregardtoanymatterdeemedtohavebeenputinissue.
(b)Itshallnotbeanobjectiontoanysuchrequestthatthepurposeoftherequestistoobtainanadmissionofamatterplacedinissue.
(3) Anyanswertoarequestforfurtherparticularsshallbindthepartygivingtheanswerinrelationtoallpartiestotheactionandnotinrelationtothepartyrequestingtheparticulars.
14. Preliminary procedures
(1) ACourtmayatanytime,whetherbeforeoraftertheissueofsummons,makeanorderundersection5(5)oftheAct,includingthemakingofanorderforthetakingofevidenceofanypersonnamedorotherwiseidentified(whetherbydescriptionorotherwise)intheorder,withregardtoanymatterwhichmayberelevantinanyactionpendingorcontemplatedintheRepublicandmayintheorderdefinetheissuesonwhichsuchevidencemaybegivenandprescribetheprocedureforthetakingofsuchevidence,whichmayinclude—
(a)theappointmentofacommissionertotaketheevidenceconcerned;
(b)thedutiesandpowersofthecommissioner;
(c)directionswithregardtothevenueofthecommissionhearingandtherecordingandpreservationoftheevidencetaken;and
(d)suchothermattersastheCourtmaydeemfit.
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(2) Inrespectofanyordermadeintermsofsubrule(1)thefollowingshallapply,unlesstheCourtotherwiseorders:
(a)Theattorneyofrecordforthepartyapplyingfortheordershallassistandcarryoutthedirectionsofthecommissionerwithregardtothearrangingofavenueforthetakingoftheevidenceintermsoftheorder,fortherecordingandpreservationofthatevidenceandforsecuringtheattendanceofthewitnessesreferredtointheorderforthepurposeoftakingtheevidence.
(b)Subjecttoanydirectioncontainedintheorderforthetakingofevidence—
(i)anypersongivingevidencemaybeexamined,cross-examinedorre-examined;and
(ii) theexamination,cross-examinationandre-examinationofpersonsgivingevidenceshallbeconductedinlikemannerasatthetrialofanactionormatter.
(c)Anypersonwhoappliesforanordercontemplatedinthisruleshallgivesecurityforanycostsorexpenses,includingthosearisingfromanydelay,occasionedbytheapplicationandthecarryingintoeffectofanysuchorder.
(d)ThecostofobtainingandcarryingintoeffecttheorderofCourtshallformpartofthecostsoftheactioninrespectofwhichtherelevantorderofCourthasbeenissued.
(3) (a)(i) Aplaintifforadefendant,whetherinconventionorreconvention,oranythirdpartymay,afterbeingservedwithasummonsorgivingorreceivingnoticeofintentiontodefendorreceivingaclaiminreconventionorathirdpartynotice,requestthepartyissuingordeliveringsuchdocumentandanyotheroppositepartytoattendaconferenceintermsofthisrule.
(ii)Forthepurposesofthisrule,anyplaintiff,anydefendantwhohasgivennoticeofintentiontodefendoranythirdpartywhohasdeliveredany
pleadingshallbedeemedtobeanoppositeparty.
(b)Thepartyrequestingaconferenceintermsofparagraph(a)shallinhisorherrequest
specifythe—
(i) documentswhichanyoppositepartyisrequiredtomakeavailableattheconference;
(ii) particularswhichanyoppositepartyisrequiredtomakeavailableortogiveattheconferencewithregardtotheclaimordefenceuponwhichtheoppositepartyrelies.
(c)Anyoppositepartymaysimilarlyrequirethepartyconveningtheconferencetomakeavailableandgivedocumentsandinformationinthemannerprovidedinparagraph(b).
(d)Anypartymayrequireanyotherpartytodiscloseandmakeavailableany documentsandgiveanyavailable informationwhichmightberelevanttoasubmissionofthematterindisputetoarbitration.
(4) Ifanypartyfailstoattendaconferencepursuanttoarequestmadeintermsofsubrule(3),anyotherpartymayapplytotheCourtforanorderthatthesaidpartyattendsuchconference.
(5) Atthesaidconference,thepartyrequiredtodososhalldiscloseandmakeavailableallthesaiddocumentsandgivethesaidinformationattheconferenceorstateanoathinanaffidavittobefiledofrecord—
(a)whyheorsheisunabletomakeavailableandgivethedocumentsorparticularsrequested;
(b)alternatively,whyheorsheobjectstomakingavailableandgivingdocumentsorparticularsrequested.
(6) Intheeventofanexamination,testingorinspectionbeingheldpursuanttotheprovisionsofsection5(5)oftheAct,anypersonentitledtoattendsuchexamination,testingorinspectionshallbeentitledto
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requestaconferenceforthepurposeofclarifyinganymatterarisingfromtheexamination,testingorinspectionofanyship,cargoorthecontentsofanydocumentsoranyotherthing.
15. Discovery of documents
Discoveryofdocumentsshallbeinaccordancewithrule35oftheUniformRules:Providedthatsubrule(5)ofrule35oftheUniformRulesshallnotapply.
16. Pre-trial procedure
(1) ACourtmay,atanytime,ontheapplicationofanyparty,makeanorderandgivedirectionsforthemoreeffectiveputtingintoeffectofitsorderwithregardto1ormoreofthefollowingmatters:
(a)RequiringanypersontoansweranyquestiononoatheitherbeforeapersontobenominatedintheorderoronaffidavitorotherwiseastheCourtmayorderarisingfromfailuretoanswer,theinadequacyofanyanswertoanyrequestforfurtherparticulars,failuretomakeanyadmissionrequestedinsucharequestorforthepurposeofamplifyinganysuchanswer.
(b)Theadmissionofevidenceintermsofsection6(3)oftheAct,inparticularbyorderingthatevidencespecifiedintheorderbetakenbywayofwrittenstatement,whetheronoathornot.
(c)Thereferralofanymattertoarbitrationortoarefereeintermsofsection5(2)(e)oftheAct.
(d)Theholdingofanyconferenceinaccordancewithrule37oftheUniformRulesinconnectionwithanymatterssetoutinthesaidruleorintheorderortheagreementoftheparties,subjecttoanymodificationssetoutintheorderoragreement.
(e)Therestatingorclarificationoftheissues.
(f)ThepaperstobeplacedbeforetheCourtforthepurposeofthehearing.
(2) Thepartiesmaywithoutanyorderagreeonanymatterreferredtoinsubrule(1).
(3) Anorderwithregardtoanymatterreferredtoinparagraphs(a),(d)or(f)ofsubrule(1)shallbemadeonlyafterthecloseofpleadings,unlesstheCourtisoftheopinionthatanordershouldbemadebeforethecloseofpleadings.
(4) Anyagreementintermsofthisruleandtheproceedingsofanyconferenceheldintermsofrule14shallberecordedinwritingandsignedbytheparties.
17. Trial
TheprocedureinrespectofthesettingdownandhearingofanytrialshallbeinaccordancewiththeprocedureregulatedintheUniformRulesandanyrulesregulatingtheconductofproceedingsinthedivisioninrespectofwhichtheCourtisconstituted,orasorderedbytheCourt,savethattheregistrar,withtheauthorityofajudgeinchambers,mayassignfixeddatesforanytrial.
18. Applications
(1) Subjecttothisrule,rule6oftheUniformRulesshallapplytoapplications.
(2) Everyapplicationbroughtonnoticeofmotionshallstate—
(a) thetimewithinwhichtherespondentshall deliveranyaffidavits;and
(b)thedateforthehearingoftheapplication.
(3) Unlessotherwisestatedinanyrulenisi,theaffidavitofanyrespondentorpersoncalledontoshowcauseshallbefiledatleast10daysbeforethereturndateofanyaffidavitoftheapplicantshallbefiledatleastfivedaysbeforethereturndate.
19. Variation of periods of time and
non-compliance
(1) OntheapplicationofanypersontheCourtmayabridgeorextendanyperiodoftimeandmayadvanceorpostponeanydateinrespectofanymatterforwhichatimeordateislaid
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downintheserules,theUniformRulesasapplicabletoadmiraltyproceedings,anynoticeoranyorderofCourtorinanyotherway.
(2) Anyapplicationintermsofsubrule(1)maybemadeonnoticetoallinterestedparties.
(3) IfanypersonhasnotcompliedwithanoticegivenintermsoftheserulesortheUniformRules,anyinterestedpartymayapplyinthemannerprovidedforinsubrule(2)foranorderthattherebecompliancewiththenotice.
(4) (a) IfanypartyhasnotcompliedwithanorderofCourt,anyinterestedpartymayapplyforanorderthattheclaimordefenceorparticipationintheactionofanypersonnotsocomplyingbesetasideandstruckoutandthatthesaidpersonbedealtwithasbeingindefault.
(b)OnanysuchapplicationtheCourtmaysoorder,ormakesuchotherorderastheCourtdeemsfit.
20. Vexatious or irregular proceedings
(1) TheCourtmaystrikeoutanyproceedingswhicharevexatiousoranabuseoftheprocessoftheCourt.
(2) IfitappearstotheCourtonapplicationthattherehavebeenanyirregularproceedingsbyanypartyornon-compliancewiththerulesoranyorderofCourt,theCourtmaymakesuchorderasappearstoittobejustwithregardtothesaidproceedingsornon-compliance,includinganorderthatanysuchpartybedeemedtobeindefault,orthatjudgmentbegivenagainstanysuchparty.
21. Property arrested or attached, judicial sales
and the appointment of referees
(1) Anypropertyarrestedorattachedshallbekeptinthecustodyofthesheriff,whomaytakeallsuchstepsastheCourtmayorderorasappeartothesherifftobeappropriateforthecustodyandpreservationoftheproperty,includingtheremovalandstorageofanycargoandtheremoval,disposalandstorageofperishablegoodswhichhavebeenarrested
orattached,orwhichareonboardanyshipwhichhasbeenarrestedorattached.
(2) Inactingundersubrule(1),thesheriffshallconsultanypersonorpersonswhohavecausedthearrestorattachmentofthepropertytobeeffectedandshallactinaccordancewithanyrelevantorderofCourt.
(3) (a) Thesheriffshallbeentitledtoreasonableremunerationforeffectinganyarrestorattachmenttofoundorconfirmjurisdictionandforanyactdonebyhimorherintermsofthisrule.
(b)AnysuchremunerationmaybelessorgreaterthanthecorrespondingremunerationinanytariffprescribedintheUniformRulesorelsewhere.
(4) Intermsofsection9oftheActtheCourtmay,attheinstanceofanyinterestedparty,orderthatarrestedorattachedpropertybesoldonsuchtermsandinsuchmannerastheCourtmaydeemfitandmayinparticularorder—
(a)thatthepropertybesoldbypublicauction,privatetenderortreatyorinsuchothermannerastheCourtmaydeemappropriateunderthecircumstances;
(b)thatthepropertybesoldwithoutreservetothehighestbidderorthatitbesoldsubjecttoareservepriceintheamountoftheappraisalofthevalueofthepropertydeterminedbyanappraiserappointedbytheCourtinsuchorder;
(c)thatintheeventofanyreservepricenotbeingachieved,thesalebesubjecttoconfirmationbytheCourt;
(d)thatanappraiseridentifiedintheorderbeappointedforthepurposeofappraisingthevalueofthepropertyinquestion;
(e) thattheauctioneeridentifiedintheorderbeappointedtoconductthesale,whetheritbebypublicauction,privatetenderortreatyorinsuchothermannerastheCourtmayorder;
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(f) whatthedateorperiodforthesaleofthepropertyshallbe;
(g)thattheauctioneeradvertise,arrangeandconductthesaleinsuchmannerastheCourtmaydirect;
(h)thatthesherifftakesuchstepsastheCourtmaydirectforthepreservationofthepropertypendingthesale;
(i) thattheauctioneershallbeentitledtosuchcommissionandsuchotherremunerationandreimbursementasmaybestatedintheorder;
(j) thattheorderbeservedandpublishedinthemannerstatedintheorder;
(k)thattheproceedsofthesaleshallbedealtwithasprovidedintheorder;
(l) thatarefereeidentifiedintheorderbeappointediftheCourtdeemssuchanappointmentappropriateunderthecircumstances;
(m)thatthereferee,ifappointed,shallcarryoutsuchduties,havesuchpowersandreporttotheCourtasmaybedirectedintheorder;
(n)thatthesalebeonsuchconditionsastheCourtmayorder;
(o)thatthecostsoftheapplicantandanyotherpartyinterestedin,affectedby,orreferredtointheorderbedealtwithinsuchamannerastheCourtmaydirect.
(5) (a)WhentheCourthasgrantedanorderforthesaleofanyproperty,nopersonmayapplytotheCourtforthestayorpostponementofthesalelaterthan10dayspriortothedateofthesale,unlessspecialorexceptionalcircumstancesexistthatjustifysuchastayorpostponementandnoticeoftheapplicationhasbeengiventotheauctioneerandthesheriff.
(b)TheCourtmay,whengrantingastayorpostponementofthesalepursuanttoanapplicationintermsofparagraph(a),orderthepersonapplyingforthestayor
postponementtoprovidetheregistrarwithsuchsecurityinrespectofthecostsreasonablyincurredbyanypartyinconnectionwiththesaleastheCourtmaydeemappropriate.
(6) TheproceedsofanysaleandanyamountpaidassecurityorotherwiseintoCourtshallbeinvestedinsuchamannerasthepartiesmayagreeorastheCourtmayorder,andsuchanordermaybemadenotwithstandingthefactthatthepartieshaveagreedotherwise.
(7) (a)Theproceedsandamountsreferredtoinsubrule(6)shallconstituteafundinCourtandshallbedealtwithasfollows:
(i)ThefundshallbeheldbyoronbehalfoftheregistraronsuchtermsastheCourtmaydirect.
(ii) Inanyactionagainstthefund,allprocess,noticesorotherdocumentswithregardtosuchactionshallbeservedontheregistraror,ifalreadyappointed,thereferee.
(iii)Anypartyhavinganinterestinthefundmaybejoinedinormayjoininanyproceedingsagainstthefund.
(b)AnypartyhavinganinterestinthefundmayatanytimeapplytotheCourtforanorderappointingarefereetoreceiveclaimsagainstthefundandtomakerecommendationstotheCourtwithregardtosuchclaims.
(8) (a)Claimsagainstthefundshallcontainfulldetailsoftheclaim,whenitaroseandhowitismadeup,andshallbesignedbyoronbehalfofthepartysubmittingtheclaimandshallhaveannexedtheretocopiesofallrelevantdocumentsrelatingtotheclaim.
(b)Aclaimshallcontainfulldetailsofanyinterestclaimedinrespectthereofstipulatingtherateofinterestclaimed,theperiodforwhichitisclaimed,thebasisonwhichitisclaimedandwhetheritiscompound,simpleoranyotherformofinterest.
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(c)TheCourtshallmakesuchorderasitdeemsfitwithregardtoparties,procedureandthepaymentofanyfund,proceedsoramount:Providedthatanysuchpaymentshallbemadeinaccordancewithsection11oftheAct.
(9) Subjecttosection11oftheAct,anypartyshallbeentitledtoproceedintermsofrules45and46oftheUniformRulesfortheexecutionofanyjudgmentobtainedbyhimorherin personamorforanyamountforwhichnosecurityisheld.
22. Filing, delivery and preparation of papers
(1) Theregistrarshallcausethefollowingrecordstobekeptinaconvenientformseparatelyfromanyrecordsrelatingtoanyotherproceedingsinthedivisionofwhichheorsheisregistrar:
(a)Summonsesandwarrantsissuedinandapplicationswhichare,oraremadewithregardto,admiraltyproceedings.
(b)Ordersmadeinadmiraltyproceedings.
(c)Anysecurityorundertakinggivenintermsofsection3(10)oftheAct.
(d)Anynoticeintermsofrule4(4).
(e)Generally,therecordsofproceedingspendingorproceedingsbeforetheCourt.
(2) (a)Theattorneyforapartyobtainingtheissueofasummons,warrantofarrestorthirdpartynotice,orgivingnoticeofintentiontodefendshallfileapowerofattorneyonlyifnoticeisgivenbyanypartyrequiringthatsuchapowerofattorneybefiled.
(b)Thefilingofanywrittenortelexauthorityfiledwithin15daysshallbesufficientcompliancewithsuchnotice,butaformalpowerofattorneyshallbefiledwithin30daysofthefilingofanysuchauthority.
(3) Everysummons,thirdpartynoticeandwarrant—
(a)shallbesignedbytheattorneyforthepartycausingittobeissuedor,ifthepartyisnotrepresentedbyanattorneyandisanaturalperson,bythatpartyandshallthereafterbesignedandissuedbytheregistrar;
(b)shallcontainanaddressoftheattorneyorpartyreferredtoinrule17(3)oftheUniformRules.
(4) (a)Ifthepartiesaredescribedassetforthinrule2(3)orifnoticeofintentiontodefendisgiveninanactioninrem,thepowerofattorneymaydescribethepartiesastheyaredescribedintheaction,butinthateventthereshallbefiledwiththepowerofattorneyanundertakingbytheattorneytopayanycostsawardedagainstthepartyrepresentedbyhimorherandanydamagesawardedagainstthepartyundersection5(4)oftheAct,whichundertakingshallbeenforceablebytheotherpartiestotheaction.
(b)(i)Ifanypartyisdescribedassetforthinrule2(3),anyotherpartymay,bynotice,requiretheplaintifforanydefendantorthirdpartywhohasgivennoticeofintentiontodefendtogiveparticularsoftheidentityofthepartyorpartiessodescribed.
(ii) Thepartyreceivingthesaidnoticeshallwithin15daysofthereceiptthereofgiveparticularsofthepartiessodescribedbyhimorher,orofhisorheridentityifheorsheisthepartysodescribedbut,subjecttoanyorderoftheCourt,theactionshallproceednotwithstandingthefactthatthenoticehasnotbeencompliedwith.
(c)TheCourtmayatanytimeorderthatsecuritybegiveninrespectofanyundertakingunderthissubrule.
(5) Thetitleoftheproceedingsshallconsistofaheadingindicatingthenatureofthedocument,thenameofthedivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricaconcerned,thenumberassignedtheretobytheregistrar,thenameoftheshipandthenamesofthepartiesand,iftheproceedingsareorarein
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connectionwithanyaction,statingwhethertheactionisanactioninremorin personamorinremandin personam.
(6) Alldocumentsfiledshallbearthetitleoftheproceedingsandshallbefiledwithafilingsheetstatingthenatureofthedocumentfiled.
(7) Anypleadingandanyrequestforfurtherparticularsandanyreplytheretoshallbesignedbytheparty(ifanaturalperson)oranattorneyandshall,ifsignedbyanattorney,alsobesignedbyanadvocateor,inthecaseofanattorneywhohasundersection4(2)oftheRightofAppearanceinCourtAct,1995(ActNo.62of1995),therightofappearanceintheSupremeCourt,onlybysuchattorney.
(8) (a)Whenanydocumentisfiledaspartofthe
pleadingsorasarequestforparticularsorareplytheretoinanactionoraspartoftheaffidavitsandpapersinanapplication,ifshallbeaccompaniedbyanindexandthepapersdeliveredshallbenumberedinaccordancewiththeindex.
(b)Whenapreviousindexhasbeenfiledintheproceedings,thepersonresponsibleforthedeliveryofthedocumentsshallcontinuetheindexasarunningindexofthedocumentsdeliveredbyhimorher,sothatallpapersfiledanddeliveredshall,atalltimes,constituteapagedandindexedseriesofdocuments.
(9) WhenanyamendmentisdeemedtohavebeenagreedtoorhasbeenorderedtobemadebytheCourtintermsofrule28oftheUniformRules,thepleadingsshallforthwithbedeemedtohavebeensoamendednotwithstandingthefactthattheamendedpagehastobeendeliveredintermsofrule28(7)oftheUniformRules.
(10) (a)Subjecttotheprovisionsofthisrule,pleadings,affidavitsandaresponsetoanynoticeshallbedeliveredormadewithin10daysafterdeliveryofthepleading,affidavitornoticetowhichtheyareananswerorresponseor,inthecaseofaplea,afterthegivingofnoticeofintentiontodefend.
(b)ThesaidtimemaybeextendedorabridgedbyanagreementorbyanorderoftheCourt.
(c)Anypartyunreasonablyrefusingtoagreetoanextensionoftimeshallbeliabletopaythecostsoccasionedbyanapplicationarisingoutofanysuchrefusal.
(d)ApleadingoraffidavitdeliveredoutoftimeshallnotmerelyonthataccountberefusedbytheregistraroranyotherpartyunlessthepartyseekingtodeliverthepleadinghasbeenbarredortheCourtordersittobestruckout.
(e)AnydocumentexecutedinanyplaceoutsidetheRepublicshallbedeemedtobesufficientlyauthenticatedforthepurposeofuseintheRepublicinadmiraltyproceedingsifithasbeendulyauthenticatedatsuchforeignplacebythesignatureandsealofoffice—
(i) ofanypersonreferredtoinrule63(2)(a),
(b)or(c)oftheUniformRules;or (ii)ofanypractisingnotaryinsuch
foreignplace. (f) Faxedcopiesofpleadings,affidavitsor
documentsmaybeusedwhentheoriginalthereofisnotavailableforuse:ProvidedthattheCourtmaymeromotuorattherequestofanyinterestedpartyrequiretheoriginalthereoftobeproducedwithinsuchtimeastheCourtmaydeemfitandmaymakeanyreliefconditionalupontheproductionofthesaidoriginal.
23. Representative actions and limitations
of liability
(1) Inordertoavoidamultiplicityofactions,theCourtmaymakeanorderthatanyactionpendingbeforeitberegardedasatestactionandthatanyotheractiontowhich1ormoreofthepartiestotheactionsopendingarepartiesandinwhichthesamequestionswouldariseabidetheresultofthetestactionandmaymakeanyorderastotheprocedureandrepresentationinthesaidactionastheCourtdeemsfit.
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(2) Whereanypersonclaimstobeentitledtoalimitationofliabilityreferredtoinparagraph(w)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”insection1(1)oftheAct,theCourtmaygivesuchdirectionsasitdeemsfitwithregardtotheprocedureinanysuchclaim,thestayingofanyotherproceedingsandtheconditionsfortheconsiderationofanysuchclaim,whichmayincludeaconditionthatsuchamountastheCourtmayordertobepaidtoabidetheresultoftheconsiderationofthesaidclaim,orthattheclaimantberequiredtoadmitliabilityforalloranyclaimsmadeagainsthimorher,oranyotherconditionwhichtheCourtdeemsfit.
24. Exclusion of certain rules of the uniform rules
Rules9,13,17,18,20–23,25,26,29,30,32,43–46and50–57oftheUniformRulesshall,subjecttotheprovisionsoftheserules,notapplytoadmiraltyproceedings.
25. Directions by the Court
(1) TheCourtmay,inanyadmiraltyproceedings
meromotuorontheapplicationofanypartyorotherpersonhavingasufficientinterest,giveanydirectionswhichitconsidersproperforthedisposalofanymatterbeforeit.
(2) Anysuchdirectionmaydeviatefromorsupplementanyprovisionoftheserules,oroftheUniformRules,orofanyotherrulesrelatingtothedivisioninquestion.
26. Repeal of rules
TheserulesandtheUniformRules(exceptasexcludedinrule24oftheserules)shallapplytoadmiraltyproceedingstotheexclusion,subjecttotheprovisionsoftheserules,ofanyotherruleofCourt,andtotheconductafterthecommencementoftheserulesofproceedingsstartedbeforesuchcommencement.
27. Commencement
Theserulesshallcomeintooperationon19May1997.
(a)Summonsesandwarrantsissuedinandapplicationswhichare,oraremadewithregardto,admiraltyproceedings.
(b)Ordersmadeinadmiraltyproceedings.
(c)Anysecurityorundertakinggivenintermsofsection3(10)oftheAct.
(d)Anynoticeintermsofrule4(4).
(e)Generally,therecordsofproceedingspendingorproceedingsbeforetheCourt.
(2) (a)Theattorneyforapartyobtainingtheissueofasummons,warrantofarrestorthirdpartynotice,orgivingnoticeofintentiontodefendshallfileapowerofattorneyonlyifnoticeisgivenbyanypartyrequiringthatsuchapowerofattorneybefiled.
(b)Thefilingofanywrittenortelexauthorityfiledwithin15daysshallbesufficientcompliancewithsuchnotice,butaformalpowerofattorneyshallbefiledwithin30daysofthefilingofanysuchauthority.
(3) Everysummons,thirdpartynoticeandwarrant—
(a)shallbesignedbytheattorneyforthepartycausingittobeissuedor,ifthepartyisnotrepresentedbyanattorneyandisanaturalperson,bythatpartyandshallthereafterbesignedandissuedbytheregistrar;
(b)shallcontainanaddressoftheattorneyorpartyreferredtoinrule17(3)oftheUniformRules.
(4) (a)Ifthepartiesaredescribedassetforthinrule2(3)orifnoticeofintentiontodefendisgiveninanactioninrem,thepowerofattorneymaydescribethepartiesastheyaredescribedintheaction,butinthateventthereshallbefiledwiththepowerofattorneyanundertakingbytheattorneytopayanycostsawardedagainstthepartyrepresentedbyhimorherandanydamagesawardedagainstthepartyundersection5(4)oftheAct,whichundertakingshallbeenforceablebytheotherpartiestotheaction.
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Guide – Enforcement and Defence of Maritime Claims in South Africa
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BOWMANS
Our Firm
Bowmans is a leading Pan-African law firm. Our track record of providing specialist legal services, both domestic and cross-border, in the fields of corporate law, banking and finance law and dispute resolution, spans over a century.
WithsixofficesinfourAfricancountriesandover400specialisedlawyers,
wearedifferentiatedbyourgeographicalreach,independenceandthequalityoflegalservicesweprovide.
WedrawonouruniqueknowledgeoftheAfricanbusinessenvironmentandin-depthunderstandingofthesocio-politicalclimatetoadviseclientsonawiderangeoflegalissues.Ouraimistoassistourclientsinachievingtheirobjectivesassmoothlyandefficientlyaspossiblewhileminimisingthelegalandregulatoryrisks.
Ourclientsincludecorporates,multinationalsandstate-ownedenterprisesacrossarangeofindustrysectorsaswellasfinancialinstitutionsandgovernments.
Ourexpertiseisfrequentlyrecognisedbyindependentresearchorganisations.WehavebeennamedAfricanLegalAdviserbyDealMakersforthelastthreeconsecutiveyearsandSouthAfricanLawFirmoftheYearfor2016bytheWho’s Who Legal.Mostrecently,wewontheTechnology,MediaandTelecommunicationsTeamoftheYearAwardattheprestigiousAfricanLegalAwardshostedbyLegal WeekandtheCorporateCounselAssociationofSouthAfricain2017.Thefirmwasalso‘highlycommended’intheAfricanLawFirmoftheYear–LargePracticeandLitigationandDisputeResolutionTeamoftheYearcategories.
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Guide – Enforcement and Defence of Maritime Claims in South Africa
Bowmans offices
Relationship firm
Significant transaction or advisory experience
Bowmans offices
Relationship firm
Significant transaction or advisory experience
SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
KENYA
TANZANIA
UGANDA
Bowmans offices
Relationship firm
Significant transaction or advisory experience
SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
KENYA
TANZANIA
UGANDA
Our Footprint in Africa
Bowmans offices
Relationship firm
Significant transaction or advisory experience
SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
KENYA
TANZANIA
UGANDA
Bowmans offices
Relationship firm
Significant transaction or advisory experience
SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
KENYA
TANZANIA
UGANDA
Bowmans offices
Relationship firm
Significant transaction or advisory experience
SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
KENYA
TANZANIA
UGANDA
WeprovideintegratedlegalservicesthroughoutAfricafromsixoffices(Cape
Town,DaresSalaam,Durban,Johannesburg,KampalaandNairobi)infourcountries(Kenya,SouthAfrica,TanzaniaandUganda).
WeworkcloselywithleadingNigerianfirmUdoUdoma&Belo-Osagie,andMozambique-basedboutiquefirm,TacianaPeãoLopes&AdvogadosAssociados.WealsohavestrongrelationshipswithotherleadinglawfirmsacrosstherestofAfrica.
WearerepresentativesofLexMundi,aglobalassociation,withmorethan160independentlawfirmsinallthemajorcentresacrosstheglobe.Thisassociationgivesusaccesstothebestfirmsineachjurisdictionrepresented.
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ThefollowingBowmanscontactpeopleareavailable24hoursadayforadviceandservice:
Key Contacts
CRAIG CUNNINGHAM
HeadofShippingandLogisticsCapeTown,SouthAfrica
T:+27214807801E:[email protected]
ANDREW PIKE
HeadofPorts,TerminalsandLogisticsCorridorsDurban,SouthAfricaT: +27312650651E:[email protected]
JEREMY PRAIN
PartnerCapeTown,SouthAfrica
T:+27214807811E:[email protected]
MARK VAN VELDEN
PartnerDurban,SouthAfrica
T:+27312650651E:[email protected]
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Bowmans offers 24 hour availability in
case of an emergency +27 21 480 7920
JOËLLE DOWNES
SeniorAssociateCapeTown,SouthAfrica
T:+27214807806E:[email protected]
ANISA GOVENDER
SeniorAssociateDurban,SouthAfrica
T:+27312650651E:[email protected]
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Cape Town
T: +27214807800E:[email protected]
Dar es Salaam
T: +255768988640E: [email protected]
Durban
T: +27312650651E:[email protected]
Johannesburg
T: +27116699000E:[email protected]
Kampala
T: +256414254540E:[email protected]
Nairobi
T: +254202899000E:[email protected]
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