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gMTHIS
BOOK IS PRESENT IN OUR LIBRARY THROUGH THE GENEROUS
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ST. MICHAEL'S ALUMNI TO THE VARSITY
FUND
HOMEJR.BUSTIN
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, NAPLES
HOMERTHE ODYSSEYWITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BVA. T.
MURRAY
PRorsssoR or qrbek, Stanford onivkrsitv, CALiroRMiA
IN
TWO VOLUMES1
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDMCMXLV
First printed 1919 Reprinted 1924, 1927, 1930, 1938, 1945
AUG 2 4 1945
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
CONTENTSPAOB
INTRODUCTION
viixiii1
BIBLIOGKAPUY
BOOK BOOK
I
II
3668106
BOOK
III
BOOK IV
BOOK V
170
BOOKBOOKBOOK
VIVIIVIII,
206
232258
BOOK IX
302344o
BOOK XBOOK XI
386,
BOOK
XII
432
INTRODUCTIONThe name "Hoiner"city to city
brings before the
mind a
definite picture of the blind minstrel,
roaming from
and singing or chanting portions of thesplendidly represented by the bust of
great poems that are traditionally ascribed to him.
Such a type
is
Homer
in the
Naples Museum, and almost
all
thatit is
tradition tells of the poet, save in so far as
made up
of statements regarding his date
whichand
in turn rest
upon combinations often demonstrablyitself
false groupsis
about such a typical
figure,
plainly without historic worth.
The ancient " lives " of Homer which have come down to us are all later than the beginning of the Christian era, and from them we can gather littlethat
has any claim
to
attention
except the two
statements that
Homer was ancities
Ionian
Chios
and
Smyrna being thebirthplace;
most uniformly given"sons of
as his
and that
in Chios thereis,
was a guild or
clan
of Homcridaefirst
that
Homer."Pindar
Thein
mention of the Chian Homeridae occursa.d.).
the geographer Strabo (about 18
A 2
^
;
INTRODUCTIONuses
the
term
apparently
of
those
devoted
to
Homeric poetry without any reference to the Chianclan,
and the wordfor
is
similarly used
by
Plato.itis
Asto
the
name
"Homer"
itself
most
naturally taken as that of a feal individual a poet
whom
by the middle of the sixth century
b.c.
the great mass of epic poetry which survived fromthe early age of
Greece had come to beall
attri-
buted;
although as time went on
poems saveandinlater
the Iliad and Odyssey wereantiquity there were those
rejected,
who
referred
these to
separate authors.
The
earliest
author to mention
Homer
is
Callinus of Ephesus (about 660 b.c.)
andis
the earliest quotation from the Homeric poems
found in Simonides of Amorgos, of the same date,unlessitis
possibly to be attributed to the later
Simonides of Ceos (about 480 b.c).have, however,
Modern scholars made many attempts all uncon-
vincing
to
interpret theas the
word " Homer
" in other
ways than
name
of an actual person.It
Theofto
wordthat
itself
means "hostage."Homeridaetrustedto
has been thought
the
may have been "sonsfight
hostages"
notis
but
allowed
serve as custodians of traditional poetry
and
that
"
Homer "
merely
their
imaginary
ancestor
others, seeking a differentviii
etymology
for the
word,
I
INTRODUCTIONhave held thatfitter-togetherit
denotes merely the legendary(ofirj
or harmonizermaterial.
+
ap) of tradi-
tional
poetical
That
the wordis
means
" blind " was assumed in antiquity, but
believed
by no one.If the personality of the poet,
under whose nameis
the Odyssey has come
downthe
to us,
thus vague
and
shadowy
even
most
familiar
elements
being drawn perhaps from hisblind bard,to
own
portrayal of the
Demodocus
so
too there has seemed
many
scholars to be a like obscurity regarding
the early history of thethis the
poem
itself.
Regarding
evidence
is
as follows:
Thethe
oldest manuscripts of the Odyssey date from
tenth and
eleventh
centuries a.d.
Papyrus
fragments whose dates range from the third centuryB.C.
to the fourth century a.d. carry our
know-
ledge
still
further back, and the evidence afforded
by our acquaintance with the work of the Alexandrian
grammarians
is
invaluable
in
tracing
the
history of the text; while, finally,
we have
quota-
tions from Homer in classical authors, and somewhat vague and not wholly convincing evidence of
the constitution of an authoritative text at Athensin the sixth century B.C.
Certain facts stand outis
prominently.
First,
our modern text
remarkablyiy
INTRODUCTIONwell established
far better established
than
is,
for
example, the text of Shakespeare.text seems to have
Secondly, this
been fixed as the result of a
purging or pruning process.that the critical
We
know,
for
example,
work of the Alexandrians was con-
cerned largely with the rejection of lines held on
one ground or another to be spurious, that the textof the papyri differs widely from our vulgate text,
and that the quotations
in
ancient authors show
many lines not found in our Homer. From this evidence the conclusion has been drawn that in antiquity " Homer " meant the whole massof epic poetry
for this there is definite
evidence
and that our
Iliad
and Odyssey, both
as regards text
and content, were in a more or
less fluid state until
they gradually crystallized into the forms familiarto us.
On
this
view
it is
impossible to speak of a
poet,It
Homer,
as the author either of Iliad or Odyssey.
should be stated, however, that whilecriticism
much
of
modern Homericdestructive,in
has been analytic andrespects
many important
recent
studies have
shown that both the methods and theand
results of destructive criticism are misleading,
have given stronger and more convincing groundsfor
a belief in the essential integrity of both poems,artist.
each as the work of one supreme
INTRODUCTIONThe most notable Homericlibrary at Alexandriacritics
of antiquity
were Zenodotus of Ephesus, librarian of the great
under Ptolemy Philadelphusb.c),
(who reigned 285-247
Aristophanes of By-
zantium, a pupil of Zenodotus, and like him, librarianat Alexandria (about 200 b.c),
and Aristarchus of
Samothrace, pupil of Aristophanes and his successoras librarianin
(about 160
e.g.).
Other scholars cited
the
critical
notes are Rhianus (about 225 b c.)
the poet, Onomacritus (about 550 b.c), and Callistratus, a follower of Aristophanes.
The aimfaithful
of the
translator has
been to give
ain
rendering of the Odyssey that preserves
so far as possible certain traits of the style of theoriginal.
flowing and shouldinstilted
Such a rendering should be smooth and be given in elevated but notlanguage.In particular therecurrentin
lines
and phrases which are so noticeableshould be preserved.
the
originalin
Hence even whenboundto use the
a given
context a varying phrase would seem
preferable, the translator has felttraditional
formula.
This has in some instancesless
necessitated
the use of a more or
colourless
phrase, adapted to various contexts.
In the case ofare
doubtful
renderings,
alternatives
sometimes
given in a footnote.
INTRODUCTIONThe Greekthegivetext of this editionvulgate.is
in all essentials
modem
occasionallyis
The notes under the text name of- the ancient critic theadopted and note the linesVariants,if cited,
whose reading
re-
jected by the Alexandrians.
are
marked
off
by colons.
xH
;
BIBLIOGRAPHYThe manuscripts of the Odyssey have been most carefully studied and classified by Mr. T. W. Allen, the results of whose studies are given in the Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. v., pp. 1-85, and briefly in his Oxford text of the Odyssey. Chief among the manuscripts are:
Laur. 32, 24 and Laur. 52, both of the tenth century, in the Laurentian Library at Florence.Harl. 6674, of the thirteenth century, in the British Museum. B. 99 sup., of the thirteenth century, in the Ambrosian Library at Milan.
Marc. 613, of the thirteenth century, in the Library of St. Mark's in Venice. Pal. 45, written in 1201, in the Palatine Library at Heidelberg.
Printkd EditionsEditio Princepa, by Demetrius Chalcondyles, Florence, 1488 ; Aldine, 1504 and 1507 ; Juntine, 1519 Bekker, Bonn, 1856; KirchhoflF, Berlin, 1859 and 1879 ; La Roche, Leipzig, 1867-8 ; Fick, Gottingen, 1883 ; Ameis-Hentze, Leipzig (in many editions since 1856) ; Hayman, London, 1866-82 Merry and Riddell, Books I.-XIL, Oxford, second edition, 1886 ; Ludwich, Leipzig, 1889-91 ; van Leeuwen and da Costa, Leyden, 1890; Monro, Books XIII. -XXIV., Oxford, 1901 ; Hennings, a critical commentary without text, Berlin,;
1903.
The most convenient text editions are those in the Oxford and the Teubner series; that by Monro {Homeri Opera et Reliquiae), Oxford ; that by Cauer, Leipzig ; and that by Piatt, Cambridge. There are editions of the Greek Scholia by Buttmann, Berlin, 1821, and by Dindorf, Oxford, 1855, and of Eustathius'
Commentary,
Berlin, 1825-6.xiii
BIBLIOGRAPHYEnglish Translations
;
Besides the older versions of Chapman, Pope, and Cowper, there may be cited the verse translations by P. S. Worsley,
Edinburgh and London, Wm. Blackwood and Sons William Morris, London, Reeves and Turner J. W. Mackail, LonA. S. Way, London, Macmillan and don, John Murray H. B. Cotterill (in hexameters), Boston, Dana, Estes and Co. There are prose versions by Butcher and Lang, London, Macmillan G. H. Palmer, Boston, Houghton, Mi HI in and Co. ; and Samuel Butler, London, Longmans, Green and Co.; ; ;
;
;
Books about HomkrOut
may
of the multitude of books about Homer the following be cited as of high interest to the student of the:
Odyssey
Jebb, Homer ; Lang, Homer and the Epic, Homer and his Age, The World of Homer; Leaf, Homer and History; Arnold, On Translating Homer; Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic, second edition Cauer, Orundfragen der Homerkritik; Wilamowitz-MollendorflF, Homerische Untersuchungen Seeck, Die Quellen der Odyssee ; B6rard, Les Phinidens et rOdyssie ; Kothe, Die Odyssee als Dichtung,;
Works of a purely linguistic or grammatical character are omitted in the above list. Mention may, however, be made of the Homeric Lexicon of Ebeling (3 vols., Leipzig, 1885) ; Monro's Grammar of the Homeric Dialect (Oxford, second edition, 1891) ; and van Leeu wen's Enchiridium Dictionis Epicae (I^yden, 1894).
xiv
HOMER'S ODYSSEY
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