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STRUCTURE OF REPORT
PreliminarySection
Title Page
Letter of Transmittal*
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendixes
Main Section
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Findings and Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
SupplementarySection
References
Appendices
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Preliminary
Section
Title Page
Letter of Transmittal*
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendixes
Main Section
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Findings and
Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations
Supplementary
Section
References
Appendices
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ELEMENTS IN METHODOLOGY
IntroductionData
Collection
Methods
Respondentsof the Study
ResearchProcedureData AnalysisConclusion
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purpose/objectives of the research issue/problem investigatedIntroduction
methods used i.e. qualitative, quantitative, or both; the instruments used i.e. questionnaire, observation,
interview, and/or experimentation.
Data CollectionMethods
population and sample/respondents i.e.
sample size, gender, location
Respondents of
the Study
step-by-step how data were collectedResearch
Procedure
how results were obtained from thecollected dataData Analysis
summary of the chapterConclusion
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TYPES OF DATA
Primary
Secondary
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Primary Data
data collected by the
researcher
through observations,measurements,
surveys,questionnaires,experiments, fieldobservations etc.
Secondary Data
data gathered by other
investigators
published in any formthat can be used.
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Questionnaire
Observation
Experimentation
Interview DATACOLLECTIONMETHODS
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MailElectronic
questionnaire
Hand deliveredquestionnaire Telephone survey
Distribution of Questionnaire
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Types of Questions
Open-ended
Closed-ended
Yes-NoScale
Listing
Ranking
Category
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INTERVIEW
Face-to-face interview
Telephone interview
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Types of Interview
Structured Semi-
structuredUnstructured
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follow rigidly to a list of
prepared questionsStructured
ask both prepared andunprepared questionsSemi-structured
no prepared questionsUnstructured
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OBSERVATION
Describes the observed phenomenon as they
occur in the setting
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Observation (cont)
May take many forms:
As participation observation
As an observer
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use a structured form for recording the
information observed
Observation (cont)
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Observation Questions
How toobserve
What toobserve
When toobserve
How to observeHow much
inference required
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Feasibility
Validity
Reliability
EVALUATION OF INSTRUMENTS
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Appropriateness of a particular instrument to a
particular data collection need
Feasibility
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The ability of the instrument to fulfill the function
for which it is being used
Validity
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Degree to which a particular instrument provides
consistent measures of whatever it does measure.
Reliability
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The instrument must be appropriate to the
research method being adopted
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To provide accurate estimates of unknown
parameters from sample statistics that can be
easily calculated
SAMPLING
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Non-probability (Biased)
Sampling/ Purposive
sampling ___________________
Purposive
Convenience
Judgmental
Quota
Probability (Unbiased)Sampling
______________ Simple random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster/area
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Equal probability of each element of the population
to be selected
Simple Random Sampling
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Selecting every n th unit from the population
Systematic Sampling
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Dividing a population into strata and samples drawn
randomly from each stratum
Stratified Sampling
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Sampling clusters first and then selecting elements
within the cluster
Cluster Sampling
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Non-probability (Biased)
Sampling/ Purposive
sampling ___________________
Purposive
Convenience
Judgmental
Quota
Probability (Unbiased)Sampling
______________ Simple random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster/area
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Selecting a sample by an arbitrary method (criteria)
considered important to the study
Purposive Sampling
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Involves selecting people who are most
conveniently available to the interviewers
Convenience Sampling
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The researcher exercises own judgement/
experience to select sample elements
Judgemental Sampling
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Information collected from the quota of the
assigned number of individuals
Quota Sampling
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Reference
1. Norazman Abdul Majid et.al. (2007) Academic Report Writing: From Research to Presentation. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia:Prentice Hall.