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(Octavian) Augustus 31BC-(Octavian) Augustus 31BC-14AD14AD• 27BC receives the title of
Augustus, Princeps, imperator
• From this point on he is considered emperor
• Begins the Pax Romana 31BC-180AD
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The Reforms of AugustusThe Reforms of Augustus• Kept the Republican constitution (relationship with
the Senate? Dignitas?)– Thought of himself as first citizen of the Republic
• Revived Roman morality (Fides, Pietas, Gravitas)
• Police and Fire departments• Public Works• Postal service, local government given more
authority• Strong control and reorganization of the army• Praetorian Guard created• Census for entire empire
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Tiberius 14-37 ADTiberius 14-37 AD• Married to Augustus's
daughter Julia• Came to power when
Augustus’s two grandsons Gaius and Lucius died early
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Gaius (Caligula) or “Bootsie”Gaius (Caligula) or “Bootsie”37-41AD37-41AD
• Grandson of Augustus• Only surviving son of
Germanicus• Tiberius killed or exiled
his entire family• Co-Emperor with
Gemellus (until he killed him)
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Caligula’s weirdnessCaligula’s weirdness• Why?
• Living god?
• Incest with Drusila
• Statues
• Horse as a Consul/Senator?
• Killed by his own guard
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Claudius 41-54AD• Brother of Germanicus
• Never supposed to rule (problems)
• Raised to the throne by the Praetorians
• Accomplishments– Conquered and occupied Great Britain
• 2 children and one stepson (Nero)
• Poisoned by his wife Agrippina (Nero’s Mom)
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Nero (54-68AD)Nero (54-68AD)
• Emperor at 16
• Murder (who)
• The arts– Final words!
• Fire/Christians
• The End of Nero
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The Flavian DynastyThe Flavian Dynasty(The Military Emperors)(The Military Emperors)
• 4 Emperors in one year (68-69AD) before the Flavians take over
• Vespasian (69-81AD)– Designed the coliseum– Successful general
• Titus– Completed construction of the (“Flavian
Amphitheater”)
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The Good EmperorsThe Good Emperors• The Adoptive system more widely used• Trajan (98-117AD)
– Spanish, expands empire to its greatest extent
• Hadrian (117-138AD)– Codified Roman law (same for all provinces)– Defensive wall in G.B. 73 miles long
• Marcus Aurelius (161-180AD)– Last of the good emperors (“Philosopher King”)
• Spent most of his time fighting Germans• His son Commodus begins the decline of the
empire
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Rome at its greatest extent Rome at its greatest extent 117AD117AD
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Achievements of the Pax RomanaAchievements of the Pax Romana• peace, order, unity and
prosperity– Prosperity (All roads lead to Rome)
• Protection on roads and at sea
– Law and order (unifies law code)– Unity: Civus Romanus Sum (70
mil)– Bread And Circuses
• Conceal social and economic problems
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Art, Architecture and EngineeringArt, Architecture and Engineering• Circus Maximus / Coliseum• Aqueducts (Greek vaults and
arches)• Concrete (Rounded dome)• Mosaics
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Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts
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The Coming of ChristianityThe Coming of Christianity
• The Roman religion– Polytheistic– Ancestor worship (home) and state religion– No moral code, pragmatic– Demanded no special lifestyle from followers– Just need to respect the gods (sacrifice)– Anthropomorphism– Rituals, taboos, superstitions and traditions
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Early ChristianityEarly Christianity
• A new sect of Judaism
• Concentrated in East and N. Africa at 1st
• Emphasis on life after death
• 29 AD Jesus turned over to Pontius Pilate
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Problems with RomeProblems with Rome• Obey laws but no Caesar worship
– treason
• No games, no service to the army
• Incest? Cannibalism?
• Persecutions (Why?)
• The effect of martyrs
• Appeal?– Egalitarian, more personal, salvation and
eternal life
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The Impact of ChristianityThe Impact of Christianity
• Saul of Tarsus (Became Paul in 35 AD)– Helped separate Judaism and Christianity
• Christian Literature– St. Augustine The City of God– Provides answers to imp. questions