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Observationsof
Ultra-High EnergyCosmic Rays
Radomír Šmída
Institute of Physics of AS CR
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Astroparticle Physics 2/42
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History of Cosmic Rays
➢ Searching for source of air ionization
➢ Air in electroscopes (detectors of electric charges) became electrically charged (ionized), even if they were shielded
➢ Radioactivity from Earth's crust (discovered by H. Becquerel in 1896)
➢ But too low attenuation of intensity with height (1909 T. Wulf on Eiffel Tower)
3/42
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Victor F. Hess 4/42
➢ Balloon flights
➢ Steep increase of radiation with altitude
Aug 7th, 1912
➢ Sun could not be the main source (flights at night, during solar eclipse)
➢ Radiation comes from outer space
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End of Speculations 5/42
➢ Hess's theory about rays from outer space did not receive general acceptance
➢ Research after 1st WW supported it
➢ Finally Robert A. Millikan (1925) measured radiation tens meters deep in water
➢ 10 m of water = 1 atmosphere
➢ Cosmic radiation
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Charged Particles 6/42
➢ Arthur H. Compton (1933): latitude dependence of CR intensity (increase towards magnetic poles)
➢ Asymmetry in longitude: more CR arrive from west (i. e. positively charged)
➢ Do not point towards their sources !
➢ Carl Störmer (1930) calculated trajectory of charged particles in geomagnetic field (aurora)
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Pierre V. Auger 7/42
➢ 1938-39
➢ Coincidence detection at very large distances (hundreds of meters)
➢ Millions of particles arrive at same time
➢ Extensive air shower causes primary particle with energy of millions GeV! (For comparison accelerators ~ 10 MeV)
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Extensive Air Showers 8/42
➢ Very energetic primary particle
➢ 1st interaction at height 10-30 km
➢ Subsequent collisions with air molecules
➢ Fast developing shower of relativistic secondary particles
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Secondary Particles 9/42
1) Electromagnetic component (red): electrons, positrons, γ
2) Hadronic core (blue): protons, neutrons, pions,...
3) Highly penetrating muons (green) and atmospheric neutrinos
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Cosmic Ray Spectra10/42
LHC (7 TeV)
➢ For primary particles
➢ Modulation by Sun (E < 10 GeV)
➢ Power law shape (dN / dE) ~ E-α
➢ Steeply falling
➢ Over many ranges of energy (α ~ 3)
➢ End of spectra?direct measurement
extensive air showers
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Observation Techniques11/42
1) Direct (primary particle)
➢ only well above troposphere➢ detector area limitations➢ satellites, stratospheric balloons ➢ very precise: isotopes, antimatter
2) Indirect (air showers)
➢ atmosphere is part of detector➢ Čerenkov radiation (v > cair)➢ fluorescence light (deexcitation N2) ➢ secondary particles at/below ground
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Čerenkov Telescopes12/42
➢ 3rd generation (HESS, Magic, Whipple,...)
➢ Electromagnetic showers initiated by γ particles
➢ Only 1 from 1000 is γ
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TeV Astronomy13/42
➢ Neutral γ points back to sources
➢ Angular resolution ~ 0.1˚
➢ FOV 3˚- 5˚
➢ 51 galactic sources
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Motion of Charged Particles14/42
➢ Mainly protons and nuclei
➢ Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields
➢ Curved trajectories
➢ Astroparticle astronomy > 50 EeV
1 EeV 100 EeV
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John Linsley (1963)15/42
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Sites of Origin16/42
➢ Gyroradius < size
➢ Very few objects
➢ Compact or extended objects
➢ Acceleration up to 100 EeV is difficult
➢ Energy losses must be included (non-thermal radiation)
A. M. Hillas (1984)
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Non-thermal Radiation17/42
➢ Does not follow Planck's law
➢ Radiation losses (bremsstrahlung, synchrotron, inverse Compton)
➢ Interactions with ambient matter and pair creation (γ rays are produced)
➢ Multiwavelength observation is important
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GZK Cutoff18/42
➢ Cosmic Microwave Background (1965)
➢ Greisen, Zatsepin & Kuzmin (1966)
➢ Energy losses due to interaction with CMB (2.7 K)
➢ Significant for energies above 40 EeV
➢ Distance to sources less than 100 Mpc
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Highest Energies19/42
Fly's Eye (Oct 15th 1991)
320 EeV (8 x GZK)
AGASA (Dec 3rd 1993)
213 EeV
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20th Century Experiments20/42
➢ Problems with energy reconstruction
➢ Low statistic for anisotropy studies
➢ Disagreements between their results
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Discrepancy in Spectra21/42
Is thereany cutoff?
Exotic sources, violation of Lorentz invariance?
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Motivations for Observatory22/42
➢ Existence of GZK cutoff
➢ Anisotropy (small-, large-scale)
➢ Signal from Galactic center
➢ Correlations with extragalactic objects
➢ CR composition
➢ Fraction of photons and neutrinos
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Pierre AUGER Observatory23/42
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Southern Site24/42
➢ 1600 tanks
➢ 4x6 telescopes
➢ western Argentina
➢ 3000 km2
➢ 1400 m a.s.l.
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Hybrid Detector25/42
fluorescence telescope
surface detector
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Advantages26/42
SD surface, FD fluorescence detector
Technique
Angular Resolution
Aperture
Energy
Hybrid SD-only FD-only mono (stereo: low N)
~ 0.2° ~ 1 - 2° ~ 3 - 5°
Flat with energy, E, A, spectral mass (A) and slope and M model (M) FREE dependent
A and M A and M A and M FREE dependent FREE
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Surface Detector27/42
➢ 1600 water tanks on ground
➢ Self-sufficient
➢ Measure 24 h
➢ Lateral distribution of secondary particles
➢ Time of arrival, signal
➢ E reconstruction is model dependent
➢ Analytical calculation of exposure
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Water Tank28/42
➢ Diameter 3.6 m
➢ Height 1.2 m
➢ Čerenkov radiation in water
➢ Monitored by 3 PMTs
➢ Spacing 1.5 km
➢ Regular grid
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Fluorescence Detector29/42
➢ Fluorescence light (300 - 400 nm)
➢ Calibration measur.
➢ FLY (p,T, humidity)
➢ 5% invisible energy
➢ See shower development (and shower maximum)
➢ Operated during clear moonless nights (about 12% observational SD time)
337 nm
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Schmidt Telescopes30/42
➢ Segmented spherical mirror (radius 3.4 m)
➢ FOV 30o x 28.6o
➢ Aperture (2.2 m)
➢ UV filter (MUG 6)
➢ Camera with 440 photomultipliers
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Atmospheric Monitoring31/42
➢ FD calibrate SD energy !
➢ 10% error in the worst cases
➢ Regular measurement of temperature, humidity, density profile and aerosols
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Robotic Telescope FRAM32/42
➢ Measure wavelength dependence of extinction coefficient➢ Cassegrain (20 cm)➢ focal length 2970 mm➢ photometer Optec SSP5 ➢ Johnson filters + others➢ 2 CCD cameras (WF, NF)
➢ Optical counterpart of GRB060117 (124 s after SWIFT)
A&A 454, L119 (2006)
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AUGER Results33/42
sniffing armadillo in pampa
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AUGER Quattro34/42
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Galactic Centre35/42
No excess so far.APh 27, 244 (2007)
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Cosmic Ray Spectra36/42
Suppression of flux above 40 EeV.
Will be sent into PRL
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Photon Limit37/42
Upper limits on flux of photons.
Accepted in APh
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Chemical Composition38/42
Indication of change in composition.ICRC 2007
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Test of Isotropy39/42
➢ Based on signal found in data
➢ Arrival directions above 57 EeV
➢ Positions of AGN from 12th Veron-Cetty & Veron catalogue (maximum redshift 0.018, i.e. 75 Mpc)
➢ Hypothesis of isotropic distribution of CR with E > 57 EeV was rejected with at least 99% confidence level from prescribed a priori test using independent data set.
Science 318, 938 (2007) & APh 29, 188 (2008)
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Arrival Directions40/42
3.1o radius areas around AGN positions cover 21% of visible sky, together 20 from 27 CR lie on them.
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AUGER Statements41/42
➢ Anisotropy at CL of more than 99%
➢ Data do not identify AGN as the sources
➢ Observation is compatible with GZK cutoff
➢ A few degrees angular scale correlation suggests predominantly proton composition
➢ Our results ruled out: a) Galactic sources, sources in halo b) top-down models (decay of superheavy particles and topological defects)
D. Nosek
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AUGER on Stamp42/42
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Backup Slides
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Exploratory Scan
D. Nosek
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Running Prescription
D. Nosek