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Carolina Raptor Center
NWRA Symposium
March 5-9 2019
St. Louis, MO
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Neurologic signs • Ataxia/paresis
• Lethargy
• Tremors/seizures
• Disorientation
• Torticollis
Systemic signs • Lethargy
• Emaciation
• Feather issues?
Carolina Raptor Center
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Carolina Raptor Center
Trauma
Toxin
Infectious
Must consider the
cost/benefit/speed of
each diagnostic test
Do inexpensive/fast tests
first ( exam, lead, CBC,
rad)
Follow up with more
expensive/slower tests
(PCR, toxicology,
histopathology)
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Vehicular trauma/window strikes
Physical exam • Usually not more obvious problems
like fractures.
• Look for blood in eyes, ears, mouth
• Bruises and wounds can be hidden underneath the feathers
• Fundic exam – anterior chamber is usually normal even with severe head trauma. Especially important with referrals
from home rehabbers.
Carolina Raptor Center
Raptor Ophthalmology Powerpoint - Mark Mitchell,
Univ of Illinois CVM
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Necropsy • Intracranial hemorrhage • Hemorrhagic lungs • Free blood in coelomic
cavity
Carolina Raptor Center
Did the trauma happen
secondary to another cause?
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19873 - RSHA
Sometimes not visible
thru the skin.
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Lead • Affects many tissue but particularly the brain • From metal fragments ingested in carcasses
More likely during deer hunting season
Absorbed vis GI tract
• Acute vs chronic form • Scavengers such as eagles and vultures. But what
about osprey swallowing (lead sinkers)? Mercury bio-accumulation in fish (flat-head
catfish) so osprey and bald eagles are at risk.
Carolina Raptor Center
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Blood lead level – ante mortem • In house LeadCare unit • Results in 3 minutes • > 20 ug/dl for most species
Mercury requires outside lab.
Radiographs are often negative (TRC 10%??)
Carolina Raptor Center
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Carolina Raptor Center
BAEA 16152 2012-06-08
Lead toxicity not typically from gunshot fragments embedded in tissue
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In 1992 in the US, 500,000 tons of 600
different types of chemicals were used!
Carolina Raptor Center
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Carolina Raptor Center
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Pesticide intoxication • Species that hunt grubs/insects in yards like red-
shouldered hawks or juvenile red-tailed hawks.
• Multiple cases from same street/block
• Many bio-accumulate in environment and can be
absorbed via inhalation of dust.
Carolina Raptor Center
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Pesticide Screen on liver, stomach contents, brain – post mortem • Avitrol (4-aminopyridine) – Affects K+ channels
and induces seizures/convulsions • Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion,
Dichlorvos) are irreversible acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) inhibitors Whole blood acetylcholinesterase levels
• Carbamates reversibly inhibit ACHE • Metaldehyde is used in snail bait. • Organochlorine pesticides are DDT-like. Work on
Na+ channels in PNS (Aldrin/Dieldrin, Chlordane for termite control, Heptachlor)
Carolina Raptor Center
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Flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes
First seen in Western Hemisphere in 1999
Most avian species affected but can also be non-clinical carriers • Corvids, great-horned owls, Cooper’s
hawks • Several recent cases in Buteo spp. • Humans also affected
Carolina Raptor Center
2006
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Birds can become viremic and serve as a reservoir host
Non-avian species do not typically develop viremia and are thus “dead-end” hosts.
Carolina Raptor Center
www.ci.greenfield.ca.us/Public_Health_Info.htm
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Neurologic signs • Ataxia • Lethargy • Tremors/seizures
• Disorientation • Torticollis
Vision loss from retinal damage
Abnormal feather growth with “pinched off” shaft
Sudden death – birds “falling from the sky”
Carolina Raptor Center
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Species – corvid, GHOW, COHA Clinical signs – neuro +/- feather anomalies Seasonality – when mosquitoes are present. PCR
• Blood vs choanal/chloacal swab –more likely to get positive test result with blood?
Serology – a single sample is not useful. Need to observe trends
Feather shafts • PCR – low detection rates?
Histopathology of brain tissue – post mortem • Immunohistochemical stains
Note: PCR/serology can be NEG depending on timing and phase of the infection. May
be viremic early and shedding later. Note: a POS result does not necessarily imply disease.
Carolina Raptor Center
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Carolina Raptor Center
http://www.annals.org/cgi/content /full/140/7/545
PCR may be negative
What about shedding detectable via swab?
Not practical
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Paramyxovirus PMV-1/Newcastle’s disease • Primarily a poultry disease but raptors infected after
consuming affected birds
• Few published case reports (mostly pigeons and poultry)
• Most reports from falcons in the Middle East
Avian Influenza (LPAI vs HPAI)
• Almost any clinical signs including lethargy and neurologic signs
• Mostly poultry but many species can been infected.
• Several raptor species affected in 2015 outbreak
Carolina Raptor Center
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Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) • Affects mostly water birds (Coots) or those
that feed on water birds (Bald eagles) • Mostly in southeastern states • Causative agent is a cyanobacteria that grows
on aquatic plants (Hydrilla spp.) which are ingested by waterfowl. Bald eagles and American coots.
Carolina Raptor Center
http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/fact_sheets/pdfs/avm091002.pdf
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PCR • Avian & Exotic Lab
• Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics Serology – HI, ELISA For AI, check with USDA/APHIS
• www.usda.gov/documents/usda-avian-influenza-diagnostics-testing-factsheet.pdf
• Rapid screening test
• Confirmatory tests (VI, etc).
• Many different subtypes with variable pathogenicity (LPAI vs HPAI) What is LP in one species may be HP in another.
• Need to have an emergency response plan ready to go.
Carolina Raptor Center
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Adult red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) #19805 – Admitted 2016-07-03 Recent history of vehicular trauma Lethargic. Tremors -> seizures Midazolam worked well to calm bird and
stop seizures Exam – deep wound at base of skull behind
right ear. Euthanized Cost: $0
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Adult bald eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus)
#18525 – Admitted 2015-01-13
Keel score 3/5
Moderate to severe flaccid paralysis of
both legs
Radiograph negative for metallic FBs.
Lead level checked using LeadCare unit.
Cost: $10
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May need to dilute samples to get reading.
Initial level was > 180 ug/dl!
Chelation with CaEDTA and DMSA worked well.
Be on the lookout for rebound.
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Hatch-year red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) #19007 – Admitted 2015-08-11 Keel score 2/5 Severe neuro signs (ataxia, tremors) No signs of severe/acute trauma (i.e. - blood in
mouth, eyes) Treatment
• Supportive care with fluids, meloxicam (1 mg/kg) and midazolam
• Suspected toxin due to habit of insect hunting in yards
Condition deteriorated and bird was euthanized within 24 hours
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Necropsy: • WNL – rarely anything visible on gross necropsy
• Brain WNL – usually WNL with WNV
Toxin highly suspected so stomach contents and liver submitted for toxicology. • Toxicology negative
Brain submitted for histopathology and IHC
Total cost: $220
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Perivascular lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis. Suspected WNV or EEE.
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IHC POS for WNV
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Hatch-year red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) #19779 – Admitted 2016-06-26 Keel score 1/5 Subtle neuro signs developed over 3 weeks. Dropped all tail feathers with 8 days Began meloxicam at 1 mg/kg while waiting for
bloodwork CBC – 39,000 with 4700 monocytes (Asper?). TS = 5.2
g/dl Has been on antifungals since admission WNV PCR POS Began dropping all main flight feathers. Otherwise doing well, gaining weight and molting. Cost: $50
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Hatch-year red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus)
#19460 – Admitted 2016-03-23 Extremely neurologic with violent
vocalizations during transport. Dead on arrival.
Severe extensor rigidity within minutes of death.
Exam did not reveal any signs of trauma. Gross necropsy and histopathology WNL
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Toxicology (liver and stomach contents): • DDE 0.7 ppm Metabolite of DDT.
Consistent with chronic background exposure.
Banned in 1972
• Heptachlor 4.1 ppm Metabolite of Chlordane.
Outlawed in 1988. Was used for treating termites.
Bio-accumulates in fatty tissue.
“One of the most potent carcinogens ever tested in animal models”
5 ppm in brain considered lethal in birds
Cost: $180
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Carolina Raptor Center
Trauma
?
YES
NO
Lead?
NO
YES
Supportive
Care
(mannitol)
Begin
chelation
Begin
meloxicam
(1 mg/kg
BID)
WNV
PMV-1, AI
PCR
POS NEG
Supportive
care
Euthanasia
Improvement
?
NO
Histopatholog
y
Toxicology
Response to
Atropine?
YES
NO
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Histopathology - NC State Vet Diagnostic Lab (NCVDL) • $40 + 45 for IHC
PCR/serology • Avian and Exotic Lab - $35
Lead • In-house with Lead Care unit - $9
Toxicology • Penn Animal Diagnostic Lab System (PADLS) – New
Bolton Center – Pesticide screen - $75
• Mercury $28
• Lead $22 Don’t forget shipping fees
Carolina Raptor Center
Cost for complete workup: $204
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13 RSHA in last 12 months
All presented with neuro signs/seizures/tremors
All dead with 24 hours
Cause of death • WNV – 1
• Not worked up – 3
• Pesticide – 6
• Pending – 2
• Other - 1
Carolina Raptor Center
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Carolina Raptor Center
19460 3/23/2016 RSHA Chlordane - 4.1 ppm in liver (5 ppm lethal in brain)
19577 5/8/2016 RSHA Chlordane - 0.88 ppm in liver, 4.3 ppm in stomach
DDE - 0.6 ppm in stomach (chronic exposure)
PCB - 1.8 ppm in stomach, ND in liver
19581 5/9/2016 RSHA Chlordane - 0.6 ppm in liver, 3.7 ppm in stomach
DDE - 0.8 ppm in stomach (chronic exposure)
PCB - 2.3 ppm in stomach, ND in liver
19753 6/20/2016 RSHA Dieldrin - 59.2 ppm in brain ( 4 ppm lethal in brain)
Heptachlor/oxychlordane - 6.2 ppm in brain
DDE - 1.7 ppm in brain PCB - 9.5 ppm in brain
19677 5/29/2016 RSHA Dieldrin - 705 ppm in liver Heptachlor/oxychlordane - 17.1 ppm in liver
Alpha chlordane - 13.3 ppm in liver
19676 5/29/2016 RSHA Dieldrin - 101 ppm in liver Heptachlor/oxychlordane - 6.3 ppm in liver
Alpha chlordane - 3.3 ppm in liver
Toxicology on
brain is best.
No chance for
recovery.
COLLABORATION?
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Carolina Raptor Center
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Dave Scott
Carolina Raptor Center
704-875-6521 x105
dscott@carolinaraptorce
nter.org
Carolina Raptor Center