![Page 1: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NUTRIENTS + LIGHT= PHYTOPLANKTON
Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii
![Page 2: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Honolulu/Waikiki SWAC
A Kyo-ya/UH collaboration
• Intro: SWAC and upwelling
• Nutrients: the good and the evil
• Prospectus: 2013, and beyond
![Page 3: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Ocean science and society
• Coupled natural-human systems
• Economics and sustainability
• Education and public outreach
A NEW SUBDISCIPLINE?
![Page 4: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Upwelling is key for photosynthesis
“new water” = new production
![Page 5: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SURFACE OCEAN CHLOROPHYLL
forests and deserts
![Page 6: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
OCEAN CONDITIONS NEAR HAWAII
The ocean’s desert blooms -- July 2005
![Page 7: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MARE LIBERUM: LOCAL ISSUES WITH GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS
• Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC): use deep, cold (nutrient- and CO2-rich) seawater in lieu of heat pumps
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): use deep, cold (nutrient- and CO2-rich) seawater to generate electricity
Green solutions “green” ocean?
![Page 8: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Heat exchange medium in air
conditioning or energy production applications
ColdDSW
CO2-rich, N&P-rich
waste
SWAC and OTEC
Are there any unintended environmental consequences???
![Page 9: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A.C. REDFIELD (1958)
“The inadequacy of experiments in marine
biology”
• Ecosystem manipulation/perturbation experiments are essential
• Complex systems must be thoroughly described and well understood before relevant experiments can be conducted
C:N:P
We may now be ready to move!
![Page 10: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why can’t it be done in the sea?
EXPERIMENTAL TERRESTRIAL PLOTS
![Page 11: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
J.D.H.STRICKLAND“Between beakers
and bays”New Scientist, 1967
![Page 12: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
BAG-I(Biogeochemistry And Genomes)
• Inaugural deployment
• Nutrient loading exp. impact of P
• C-MORE/BEACH-MMI collaboration
Dec 2011
![Page 13: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
MOTIVATION
II. SCIENTIFIC GOAL
Study the effects of nutrient additions on surface ocean plankton communities
& processes
I. ENGINEERING GOAL
Assemble, deploy, maintain & recover three mesocosms in
Hawaiian waters
PHOTO COURTESY K. BJÖRKMAN AND S. POULOS
n
1: Seawater Air Conditioning
2: Scaling
Ingoing Outgoing
![Page 14: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
Nutrients - P Nutrients + PControl
SURFACE SEAWATER + NITRATE, + SILICATE
+ TRACE METALS, + VITAMINS
SURFACE SEAWATERONLY
SURFACE SEAWATER + NITRATE, + PHOSPHATE, + SILICATE
+ TRACE METALS, + VITAMINS
20L 20L 20L
Nutrients added simulated a 15% addition of deep-water (1000m) from Stn ALOHA
6μm Nitrite + Nitrate, 0.5μm Phosphate, 14μm Silicate
(Fe, Zn, Se, Ni, Co) (B1, B7, B12) (Fe, Zn, Se, Ni, Co) (B1, B7, B12)
10L1L
![Page 15: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Science Editorial26 March 1999“A PotentialPhosphate Crisis”Philip H. AbelsonScientist extraordinaire
COMMODITY $$$
Nature, 6 Oct 2011
PEAK P?
![Page 16: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
GLOBAL P-ROCK RESERVES
The next “resource” crisis
from: EcoSanRes (2008)
![Page 17: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cruise track provided by S. Tozzi, UCSC
DEPLOYMENT, DRIFT PATTERN & RECOVERY
RECOVERLOCATION
DEPLOYMENT LOCATION
Kona
Hawaii
MauiMolokai
Lanai
Oahu• Honolulu
![Page 18: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Data provided by K. Börkman & Daniela Böttjer, UH
PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION
BIOMASS
PRODUCTION
![Page 19: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
P RECOVERY FROM THE DEEP BLUE SEA?Patent pending…
Pump deep sea water
(SWAC/OTEC)
Remove/Recover P by “MAGIC”
N/P discharge leads to phyto
bloom
No P, no bloom,no starvation,
no wars, AND a revenue stream to support research
>1 MT P/d $250 K/d
![Page 20: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Agriculture
Food security
Human survival
Biofuels
Energy security
P is a non-renewable, limiting resource
P
I P !
![Page 21: NUTRIENTS + LIGHT = PHYTOPLANKTON Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Hawaii](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649ef55503460f94c0841d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(Photo: Tara Clemente)
3 min BAG-1 video