5

2 5-1 .. 1914 1831 (nucleus) (atomic number, Z) (atomic mass) 2 1 amu (atomic mass unit) 0.00055 amu (Chadwick) .. 1932 (mass number, A) (coulomb force)

- 2

5-1 5-1

() 0

1,e e 9.1095 x 10-28 -1e

11,p H 1.6726 x 10

-24 +1e

10,n n 1.6749 x 10

-24 0 1e = 1.6 x 10-19 C (coulomb) = 4.8 x 1010 esu (electrostatic unit) ; 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 1 u (nucleus species) (nuclide)

A

NX A

Z X A

Z X X

Z (atomic number) A (mass number) N (neutron number) A Z N Z A N N A Z

(nucleon) ( )A = 17 ( )Z = 8 ( )N = 17-8 = 9 = 17 178O

- 3

(nuclear stability) 2 (stable nuclide) (radioactive nuclide or radionuclide) (isotope) (stable isotope) (radioactive isotope or radioisotope) 3 1 2 3, ,H H H 4 11 12 13 14, , ,C C C C (platinum, Pt ) 29 (isobar) 29 29 29, ,Al Si P (isotone) 14 15 16, ,C N O 8 (isodiaphere) N Z 30 32 34, ,Si P S 3 N Z 2 (isomer) ( ) (m, metastable state) 59 59,Co Co 137 137, mBa Ba 59 Co 137mBa 59Co 137Ba

- 4

(theory of relativity)

2E mc

(atomic mass unit) amu u

1 amu 1

12 ( 12C )

1.6605655 x 10-27 kg amu 5-2 5-2 amu

(amu) 0.000548 1.007276 1.008665

m c (2.9979 x 108 m/s) 1 amu E

2mc . (1 amu) (1.66056 x 10-27 kg) (2.9979 x 108 m/s)2 1.492412 x 10-10 J 931.48 MeV 1 amu 931.5 MeV 1 amu 931.5 MeV 1 eV (electron volt) 1 1 1 eV 1.602189 x 10-19 J 1.6 x 10-19 J 5-1 1 E

2mc . (9.1095 x 10-31 kg) (2.9979 x 108 m/s)2 8.1871 x 10-14 J 0.511 MeV

5-2

- 5

(head on) 180 3.0 10-14 m

=

d

Zeek

r

qqkmv ee

2

2

1 212

2

24

mv

Zekd e

(100 MeV 1 GeV) (20 MeV ) ( A )

R 1

30R A (5-1)

0R ( 1.2 x 10-15 1.48 x 10-15 m) 0R 1.2 x 10-15 m 1 (Fermi) 10-15 m (5-1)

R 1.21

3A Fermi (5-2)

R (V) 343

R

= 4

3 (0

3) (5-3)

(mp) (m) m = A mp

5-3

- 6

()

=

4

30

3 =

3

403 (5-4)

A

5-2 65

30Zn 238

92U (5-2) 1.2 x (65)

1

3 4.824 Fermi 1.2 x (238)

1

3 7.437 Fermi 5-3 2

4 37

(5-4)

= 3

403

He = Li =

= 3 x 1.67 x 1027

4(1.2 x 1015 )3

= 2.3 x 1017 /3 5-4 (deuteron) (deuterium, 1

2 ) 1 1 () 1.008665 amu () 1.007276 amu + 1.008665 1.007276 amu 2.05941 amu 2.013554 amu

- 7

(mass defect, ) 2.05941 2.013554 amu 0.002387 amu amu = 2 0.002387 amu x 931.5 MeV/amu ( 1 amu = 931.5 Mev) 2.2235 MeV

(Binding Energy, . .) . . = [ + ( ) ]x 931.5 MeV (5-4)

Z A A Z m amu M

em

M em Zm = (5-4) . .B E 931.5p n eZm A Z m M Zm MeV (5-5)

931.5p e nZm Zm A Z m M MeV

931.5p e nZ m m A Z m M MeV

. .B E 931.5H nZM A Z m M MeV (5-6)

HM 1.007825 amu

- 8

energy per nucleon, . .B E / nucleon) 2

. .B E / nucleon 2.22 / 2 1.11 MeV

5-4 20983Bi

208.980388 amu (5-6) . .B E 931.5H nZM A Z m M MeV

[83(1.007825) + (209 83)(1.008665) 208.980388] 931.5 MeV 1640.25 MeV

/ = 1640.25209

= 7.848 /

5-5 (Nuclear Stability) 2

(Decay) 92238

2

- (A) 209 ( 83

209 ) A Z2 A Z

- () 0 (N/Z) A < 40 1 2

4 , 612 , 1123 13

27 A > 40 1 1.5 ( A 207-208) 28

62 , 50114 , 82

208 , 83209

2.22 MeV (binding

- 9

5-1

N=Z 20 20

2 Pairing

1) - - 2) - -

- 3) 4 - -

12 , 3

6 , 510 714

5-3 :

: : : :

162 55 49 4

- 10

/ 8 1011 kJ/kg 4.7 104 kJ/kg 17

5-2 ( A ) 20-209

1,400 (natural radionuclide) 1740 , 90232 , 90238 (artificial radionuclide) 1928 , 1328 , 92239 5-6 .. 1896 .. 1898 2 .. 1879 .. 1900 (Paul Villard)

MeV 2.22 MeV () 1640 MeV ( 209)

- 11

3 (Alpha ray) , (Beta ray) (Gamma ray) 5-4

/ Alpha ray Beta ray Gamma ray , 24 , +10 (+), 10 () +2e :

:

4u me -

cm cm

5-3

5-7 (decay) - 1

(Radioactivity element)

- 12

A

= N

= N (5-7)

s-1 1 1 (5-9) A SI (Becquerel) 1 s (1 event/sec 1 disintegration/sec) 1 (Bq) 1 s-1 (Curie, Ci) ( 226

88Ra ) 1 g 1 Ci = 3.70 1010 Bq (t = 0) = 0N t (5-9)

0 0

N t

N

dNdt

N

0

tN N e (5-8)

take loge ln = + ln 0 (5-9) (5-8) (law of radioactive decay) (half-life)

12

T 02

NN (5-8)

1

200

2

TNN e

1

2

0.693T

(5-10)

(average lift time, )

N

(activity)

- 13

= 1

= 1/2

0.693 (5-11)

curie : Ci

1 Ci () = 3.7 1010 decay /s = 3.71010 becquerel (Bq)

5-4

5-4 (activity) -222 1000 g 3.8 60%

1

2

0.693

T

0.6933.8 86, 400( )( / )d s d

2.1 10-6 s -1

=

00

0 dN = No etdt

= 0

- 14

2.7 1018 1000 g A N (2.1 10-6 s-1)(2.7 1018 nuclei) 5.7 10-12 Bq 60 % N 0

tN e

t 01 ln NN

N (1 - 0.6) = 0.4 0N

t 3.8d 1

ln0.693 0.4

5.02 5.02 60%

5-5 -14 2.8 107 Bq -14 5730 . s-1 . -14 . 1000 . 4

. 1

2

0.693

T

7

0.693

5730 315 10( )( / )y s y

3.84 10-12 s-1 . A N N -14

N 7

12 1

2.8 10

3.84 10

Bq

s

7.3 1018

= 222 amu 1000 g

N 27-6

10 kg-

(222amu)(1.66 10 kg/amu)

- 15

. -14 4

N 4

0

1

2N

1.7 106 Bq

5-8 5-8-1 ( -particle) 4

2He 2 2 +2 e 4.00516 amu 83 2 2 (excited state)

4 4

2 2

A A

Z ZP D He Q

(5-12)

ZAP (parent nuclide) 4

2

A

Z D

(daughter nuclide)

239 235 4

94 92 2Pu U He

235 231 492 90 2U Th He

232 228 490 88 2Th Ra He

5-8-2 ( -particle, 01e ) 0.00055 amu -1 e (neutron excees) (5-13)

. N 0

tN e

( 2.8107 Bq )exp(-(3.8410-12s-1)(3.141010s) 2.48 107 Bq [ 1000 = (60 x 60 x 24 x 365) x 1000 = 3.14 x 1010 s ]

- 16

32 32 0

15 16 1P S e

27 27 012 13 1Mg Al e

60 60 027 28 1Co Ni e

140 140 056 57 1Ba La e

5-8-3 ( -particle, 0

1e ) 0.00055 amu (proton excees)

p n e (5-15)

0

1 1

A A

Z ZP D e Q (5-16) 13 13 07 6 1N C e

12 22 011 10 1Na Ne e

30 30 015 14 1P Si e

59 59 029 28 1Cu Ni e

5-8-4 (electron capture) 1.02 MeV

p e n (5-17)

1 1 0

0 1 1n H e (5-13) (5-14)

0

1 1

A A

Z ZP D e Q (5-14)

- 17

0

1 1

A A

Z ZP e D Q (5-18)

5-5

55 0 5526 1 25Fe e Mn

48 0 4823 1 22V e Ti X ray

64 0 6429 1 28Cu e Ni X ray

125 0 12553 1 52I e Te X ray 5-8-5 E h 10-11 s 1 137Cs ( 137Ba ) 2.55 (metastable state) m 137mBa 99mTc 99Mo 6.02

K (K-shell) (K-capture) L M K (auger electron)

- 18

5-8-5

()

4 5-5

5-5

(series) () 4n Thorium Th90232 Pb82208

4n+1 Neptunium Np93237 Ti81205 4n+2 Uranium U92238 Pb82206 4n+3 Actinium U92235 Pb82207

5-6 Thorium (4n)

1eV 7 MeV (isomeric transition)

Am A

Z ZX X (5-19)

- 19

7.68 MeV , (5-20)

14 17

7 8( , )N p O

-214

- (5-20) 14.00307 amu 16.99913 amu 4.00260 amu 1.00783 amu 18.00567 amu 18.00696 amu 9 0.00129 amu (1amu = 931.5 MeV) 1.20 MeV 1.20 MeV

5-9 5-9-1 (bombardment) 1 1 .. 1919

14 4 17 1

7 2 8 1N He O H (5-20)

- 20

11 115 6( , )B p n C

: -11 -11

+ 611 + 0

1 11

511

A x B y

( , )A x y B

+ +

Q Q = [ - ] c2

2[( ) ( )]A x B yQ m m m m c (5-21)

Am , Bm A , B xm , ym Q Q

5-9-2 5-5

- 21

+ 5.70 MeV Q

.. 1932 (J.D. Cockcroft) (T.S. Walton)

7 4 4

3 2 2Li p He He (5-22)

Q 17.3 MeV 2

27 30

13 14( , )Al p Si 27 30

13 15( , )Al n Si 27 25

13 12( , )Al d Mg 9 8

4 4( , )Be n Be 27 26

13 12( , )Al p Mg

5-9-3 (Nuclear fission) 2 2-3 ..1939 2 (Otto Hahn) (Fritz Strassman) 2 2-3 2

235 1 144 89 1

92 0 56 36 03U n Ba Kr n Q

5-6 Q 9 124 6( , )Be n C

+ 612 + 0

1 24

49

Q 2 931.5[ ( )]Be c nm m m m c MeV

[9.01219 + 4.00260 (12.0000 + 1.00867)]c2 931.5

- 22

5-7 U-235

U-235

235 1 140 94 1

92 0 54 38 02U n Xe Sr n Q (5-23)

(5-23) 140 140 140 140 140

54 55 56 57 58Xe Cs Ba La Ce

94 94 9438 39 40Sr Y Zr

(5-24) -235 -140 (Xenon-140) -94 (strontium-94) 6 -140 (Cerium-140) -94 (Zirconium-94) 235.0439 amu Ce 139.9054 amu 1.0087 amu Zr 93.9036 amu 236.0521 amu 2 2.0173 amu 6 0.0033 amu 235.8296 amu = 0.223 amu = 207.7 MeV ( Q ) 4 9 MeV 2-3 (chain reaction)

- 23

2 - (the proton-proton cycle) 2

1 1 2

1 1 1H H H e

()

2 1 3

1 1 2H H He 2 2

3 3 4 1 1

2 2 2 1 1He He He H H

5-8 () 4 1

5-9-4 (Nuclear Fusion) 2

- 24

(10-5 m) 2 10-5 m 1.1 10-13 J 0.7 MeV 0.7 MeV T 3 kT/2 k 1.1 10-13 J 5 109 K (carbon cycle)

1 12 13

1 6 7H C N 2.0 MeV 13 13

7 6N C e 1.2 MeV

1 13 14

1 6 7H C N 7.6 MeV 1 14 15

1 7 8H N O 7.3 MeV 15 15

8 7O N e 1.7 MeV

1 15 12 4

1 7 6 2H N N He 4.9 MeV

1 -12 -12 24.7 MeV - -235 200 MeV 24.7 MeV 7 1 5-9-5

() 4 4.03132 amu ( 2 ) 1 4.00370 amu 0.02762 amu

25.7 MeV 1 2 1023 57,000 kW.hr 3

- 25

(Neutron activation analysis) -235 -239 (1 ) 6 .. 1945 -235 3 -239

(Nuclear reactor) 27 .. 2505 131I , 99Tc 32P

- 26

) / ( A ) [ 1.6 10-17 kg/m3, 1.61 10-17 kg/m3]

2. -10 -57 [ 2.4, 6.4 Fermi] 3. X A

Z X ) Z = 7, N = 8 ) A = 23, N = 12 ) Z = 29, A = 64 4. -40 ( 20) [ 342

MeV, 8.55 MeV/nucleon] 5. -16 ( 8) [

127.6 MeV , 7.97 MeV/nucleon] 6. 52Cr 56F

[8.78, 8.79 MeV] 2H 3He [ 1.11, 2.57 MeV]

7. ) 3 31 2 ...............H He ) 146 462 2...............Sm He ) 12 127 12 ...............N C

[ 142

60, ,Nd ]

8. -14 = 18.5 1010 Bq

5570 -14 [ 1.09 g]

1. 21

10Ne , 108

47 Ag ) [ 3.72, 6.43 Fermi] ) [ 173.90 10-30 m2, 519.56 10-30 m2] ) [ 214.47 10-45 m3 1113.58 10-45 m3]

- 27

11. 1012 1 1 [ 1.93 108]

12. - 22 ( 11) 5 mg 1 mg

= 216 [ 502.9 ] 13. - 200 ( 79) 3 10-9 kg activity 58.9 Ci

[ 69.06 ] 14. (Curie, Ci ) -226 1620

activity 1 g 1 Ci 15. -232 ( 232

90Th ) [ 232 228 4

90 88 2Th Ra He ] 16. Q ) 13 11

6 5( , )C d B [ +5.16 MeV] ) 10 7

5 3( , )B n Li [ +2.79 MeV] ) 14 177 8( , )N p O [ -1.19 MeV] ) 42 41

20 20( , )Ca p d Ca [ -9.25 MeV] 17. 6 2 43 1 22Li H He 22.4 MeV

= 2.01355 amu = 4.00260 amu [ 6.05 amu] 18. 12 10( , )C d B Q = -1.35 MeV

[ 1875.11 MeV] 19. ) 59 6027 27...............Co Co ) 19 1 49 1 2...............F H He ) 1 233 134 10 92 52 02...............n U Te n

9. -238 1 kg 4.5 109

(activity) [ 1.24 107 s-1] 10. 5/16 = 1600 [ 6400 ]