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NationalSkiPatrolCertifiedProgram
StudyGuide
September2013
NATIONALSKIPATROLSYSTEM133SouthVanGordonStreet,Suite100
Lakewood,Colorado80228303‐988‐1111www.nsp.org
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ThisstudyguideisintendedasasupplementalaidforpatrollersinvolvedintheCertifiedprocesswiththeNationalSkiPatrol(NSP).ItspurposeistohelppreparecandidatesforCertifiededucationandtesting.Thisguideisnotintendedtobeinterpretedasamanualforskipatrollersorskiareas,anditisnotintendedtoactasasetofguidelinesorpoliciesandproceduresatsnowsportsareas.Thisdocumentiseverchangingandupdatedregularly.
Materialsproducedin2013bytheNationalSkiPatrolSystem,Inc.
Allrightsarereserved.However,anypartofthisNationalSkiPatrolCertifiedProgramStudyGuideandSkillsVerificationmaterialmaybereproducedwhenconductingtheprograminanyformorbyanymeans–electronically,mechanicallyorbyphotocopying,recordingorotherwise–withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionoftheNationalSkiPatrolSystem,Inc.ContactyourdivisionCertifiedadvisorforfurtherinformationabouttheCertifiedprogram.
INSTRUCTORDISCRETION
Theinstructorhasdiscretiontorestricttheparticipationofastudentinalloranypartoftheprogram.Forinstance,theinstructormayrestrictparticipationwhen,intheinstructor’sjudgment,thestudentcannotcompletetheprogramobjectivesevenwithavailablereasonableaccommodations,orthestudent’sparticipationwillbesignificantlydetrimentaltothecompletionoftheprogramobjectiveswithotherstudents.
LIABILITYRELEASEAllparticipants,bothinstructorsandcandidates,inanyCertifiedevent(training,clinic,testing)needtosignliabilityreleases.Onerelease,whichcoversathree‐yearperiod,istobesignedandonfileatthetimeacandidateapplies.ACertifiedpatrollerisalsoexpectedtosignanewreleaseeverythreeyearsateachrecertification.Thesereleasesaretobekeptonfileuntiltheyarereplacedbynewones.Divisionsmayusetheirownreleasesbutitisrecommendedthatusingshort,simpleandplainlanguagethatanon‐highschoolgraduatecanclearlyunderstandmakereleasesmoreenforceable.Ofcourse,ifaskiarearequiresaseparatereleasetohostanevent,thenitshouldalsobeused.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NationalCertifiedCommittee StephenKuller,NationalCertifiedDirector BillSomers,AssistantNationalCertifiedDirector EdGassman,PastNationalCertifiedDirector Alaska,ChrisRoss Alaska,DickRosston Central,MichaelLongfellow‐Jones Central,PatrickPerlman Eastern,SteveBarnes Eastern,BillJordan Eastern,DavidWalker FarWest,MikeLaney FarWest,MichaelNolen FarWestandAssociationofProfessionalPatrollers,ScottHoffman Intermountain,JohnErickson Intermountain,BillSinykin Professional,JohnMirus RockyMountain,BillSomers RockyMountain,WallyShank Southern,BrandonDeane Southern,TomHughes
NationalOfficeStaff DarcyHanley,EducationDirectorAdministrativeSupport AnnGassmanDevelopmentalEditor CarrieClick
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TABLEOFCONTENTSINTRODUCTION Certifiedmissionstatement Programgoals Programcontent Applicationrequirements Programrequirements Evaluation Recertification Reciprocity ResourcesCERTIFIEDMODULE1:AreaOperationsSuggestedresourcesEssentialknowledge Slopesandtrails Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations Snowmaking Liftoperations Interfacingwithareaoperations/departments/management Skipatrol EmergencyresponseEvaluationcriteria CERTIFIEDAVALANCHEMODULES2‐4 CERTIFIEDMODULE2:AvalancheHazardAssessmentBaselinecertification SuggestedresourcesBaselinequalifications Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassification Contributoryfactors Snowmechanics/avalanchedynamics Evaluationcriteria Advancedqualifications Suggestedresources Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassification Weatherfactors Snowpackfactors Terrainfactors
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Humanfactors Avalancherelease Hazardassessment Decisionmaking EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE3:AvalancheRiskMitigationBaselinecertification SuggestedresourcesBaselinequalifications Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Riskmitigationprinciples Passivemeasures Activemeasures EvaluationcriteriaAdvancedqualifications Suggestedresources Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Definitions Needfromskiindustry Avalancheproblemfactors Passivemethods Activemethods Usergroupeducation EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE4:AvalancheRescueBaselinecertification SuggestedresourcesBaselinequalifications Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Companion/groupsearch Organizedsearchandrescue EvaluationcriteriaAdvancedqualifications Suggestedresource Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Companion/groupsearch Organizedsearchandrescue
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Emergencymedicalcare/evacuation Avalancheincidentdocumentation EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE5:OECModulefortheCertifiedProgramSuggestedresourcesEssentialknowledge OECconcepts OECmanagementprinciplesEvaluationcriteria CERTIFIEDMODULE6:RiskManagementConcludingobjectives Operationalpolicies RiskmitigationplanningandproceduresEssentialknowledge Skiindustryriskmanagementissues Skiindustryinsuranceissues Emergencyresponse/planningdocuments “RedFlag”incidentreportingprocedures Legalimplications ComplianceissuesCERTIFIEDMODULE7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationSuggestedresourceConcludingobjectives ClearunderstandingofNSProlesinevacuation Fluidtechniqueinhandlingrope/tyingknots ProperbelaytechniquesEssentialknowledge Liftoperations Evacuationplanning ImplementationCertifiedtrainingactivityEvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE8:AlpineSkiing,TelemarkSkiing&SnowboardingSuggestedresourcesPurposeConcludingobjectives Exhibitsuperiorskiing/ridingabilitiesEssentialknowledge Generalcharacteristicsofsuperioralpineskiing,telemarkskiing,and/orsnowboardingPreparationsuggestions
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EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE9:TobogganHandlingSuggestedresourcesConcludingobjectives Unloadedtobogganskills Loadedtobogganskills–front Loadedtobogganskills–tailEssentialknowledge Toboggan‐handlingskillsCertifiedtrainingactivitiesEvaluationcriteriaContinuingeducation
Appendix
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INTRODUCTIONThisCertifiedprogramstudyguideisintendedtoaidpatrollersinbuildingontheexperiencesgainedthroughpatrollingandthroughNSPprograms,i.e.,Senior,OutdoorEmergencyCare(OEC),OutdoorEmergencyTransportation,Avalanche,MountainTravelandRescue,Leadership,andInstructorDevelopment.Theprogramrequiresindependenttrainingandadvancedresearchmuchthesameasauniversity’sadvanceddegreeprogram.Theintentalsoistoidentifyandsupplementtrainingresourcesandtoprovidetrainingclinicsasfocusingtools,skillcheckpointsandverificationofpersonalprogress.TheCertifiedcommitteestronglyrecommendsthatallpatrollerscompletetheNSPSeniorprogrampriortoenteringtheCertifiedprogram.Certifiedpatrollersneedtopossesshighlydevelopedteamworkskills.Theymustbeexcellentleadersabletoeffectivelydirectpersonnelprovidingpatrolservicesonaday‐to‐daybasisandinmasscasualtyincidents.Aswithanytrueleader,theyneedtohavetheattitudeandabilitytosubordinatethemselvestootherleadersandbeeffectiveteamplayers.Certifiedpatrollersareexpectedtobegoodinstructors,demonstrateoutstandingcommunicationskills,andpossessextensiveknowledgeofpatrolandskiareamanagementoperations.Candidatesarerequiredtodemonstrateskillsinhands‐onsituations.Progressingthroughtheprogramrequiresdemonstrationofstrongphysical,leadership,instruction,problemmanagement,decision‐makingandcommunicationskills.Theprocessalsorequirestheabilitytodemonstrateexperienceandknowledge,andtodevelopvariousplansandprogramsthatcouldbeneededtomanageapatrolorarea.WhenyouasacandidatepassallmodulesintheCertifiedprogram,youreceiveauniquenumberthatisyoursfortherestofyourlife.AsofSeptember2013,lessthan800numbershavebeenissuedintheNSP’s75‐yearhistory.“CertifiedPatroller”istrulyaspecialstatus.ItisimportantthatCertifiedpatrollersremainactivetosharetheirknowledgeandmentorotherpatrollers.Ifapatrollerremainsactiveandmakescontinuedcontributions,divisionsmayselecttheindividualforaLifetimeCertifiedRecognitionaward.Theinformationpresentedinthisstudyguidemaynotbeapplicableinallsituations.NSPeducationprogramsormembershiprequirementsshouldnotbeconfusedwithoperatingrequirementsofgovernmentandprivateentitiesthatNSPsupports.IfyouarenotcurrentlyintheCertifiedprogram,youareencouragedtogiveitatry.Candidatestraditionallyfinditarewardingexperience.CertifiedmissionstatementCertifiedisanationaleducationalandskillverificationprogramthatprovidesareadilyidentifiableresourceofhighlymotivated,skilledandknowledgeablepatrollerstobetterservetheNationalSkiPatrol’s(NSP)missionofpublicsafetyasapatrioticorganization.
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Programgoals• Toprovideperformancestandardsandevaluationonabroadrangeofpatrolskillsand
knowledge• Toincreasepatroller’sawarenessofissuesrelevanttoskiareaoperations• Toprovideareadilyidentifiableresourceofhighlyskilled,motivatedandknowledgeable
patrollerstobetterserveNSP,skiareamanagementandtheoutdoorrecreationcommunitythroughinstructionand/orleadership
• Topromoteinteractionandexchangebetweenpaidandvolunteerpatrollers• TobuildonbutnotduplicatetheotherNSPeducationalprogramsbyprovidingaflexible,self‐
directedtrainingprogramtodevelopmemberskillsProgramcontentTheNationalCertifiedCommitteesetsthestandardsfortheNationalProgram.TheCertifiedprogramistobeadministeredbyeachdivisionconsistentwiththeprovisionsoutlinedinthisstudyguide.EachdivisionisresponsibleformaintainingtheintegrityofthecontentofCertifiedprogramsheldwithinitsjurisdiction.ApplicationrequirementsNSPmemberwhohasadvancedbeyondthecandidatelevelDuedates,fees,etc.satisfiedasmandatedbydivisionRecommendationsignaturefromsupervisor(patroldirector,areamanager,etc.)Recommended:SeniorstatusbeforeenteringtheCertifiedprogramProgramrequirementsInordertoachieveCertifiedstatus,anapplicantmustcompleteeachofthefollowingmoduleswithinthreeconsecutiveskiseasonsstartingwiththeseasonthecandidate’sapplicationisapproved:1.AreaOperationsDemonstrateaworkingknowledgeofskiareaoperationsthataffectpatrolactivities,includingbutnotlimitedtoliftoperations,hillsafety,disasterpreparations,budgeting,staffing,planning,publicrelations,paidandvolunteerpatrollers,andNSPmanagementinteractionwithotherskiareadepartments.2.AvalancheHazardAssessmentDemonstrateathoroughknowledgeandunderstandingofavalanchehazardassessmenttechniques,properuseandstorageofequipment,andsafetyprocedures.3.AvalancheRiskMitigationDemonstrateathoroughknowledgeandunderstandingofNSP’savalancheprogramcurriculum,snowphysics/science,avalanchepredictiontechniques,andrescueplansandprotocols.4.AvalancheRescue
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Demonstrateaworkingknowledgeofself,companion,groupandorganizedavalanchesearchandrescueprinciplesplusrescueteamleadershipandscenemanagementundertheIncidentCommandSystem(ICS).5.OutdoorEmergencyCare(OEC)DemonstratetheknowledgeandabilitytoinstructothersinOEC.Demonstrateleadership,problemmanagement,decision‐makingandawarenessofskiareaoperationalissues.Asanoption,eachdivisioncanincludestagedresponsestomultiple‐patient,multiple‐injuryincidentsunderdifficultconditions.DemonstratetheabilitytothinkthroughanOECproblemanddevelopaplanofresponse.6.RiskManagementDemonstrateaworkingknowledgeofskiareariskmanagementincludingbutnotlimitedtoliability,eliminationofrisk,mitigationofrisk,andtransferofrisk,aswellasapplicablelocal,stateandfederallaws,sovereignimmunity,GoodSamaritanlaws,accidentinvestigations(what,how,whenandwhere),documentation,andtheroleoftheskipatrolinriskmanagement.7.RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationDemonstratesmooth,confidentandfluidtechniquesinknots,ropehandlingandproperbelaytechniquesinroperescuescenarios,includingtheabilitytosetuparescuesystem.Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofareamanagement,NSPandpatrollerrolesinpracticalapplicationsinliftevacuationsthatmayinvolveseveraldifferenttypesoflifts.8.AlpineSkiing,TelemarkSkiing&SnowboardingDemonstrateexceptionalskiingorsnowboardingabilityonallterrainandsnowconditions.Priortoparticipatingintheskiingcomponent,divisionsmayrequireacandidatetoparticipateinandreceivearecommendationsignatureatadivision‐authorizedorientation/safetyclinic.9.TobogganHandlingDemonstrateexceptionaltoboggan‐handlingabilityonallterrainandsnowconditions.Priortoparticipatinginthetoboggancomponent,divisionsmayrequireacandidatetoparticipateinandreceivearecommendationsignatureatadivision‐authorizedorientation/safetyclinic.EvaluationItistheintentoftheCertifiedcommitteeforthisprogramtobeasconsistentaspossiblewithotherNSPprograms.Thenational0‐100%scoringmethodisthepreferredsystemofchoice;acandidatepassingwithan80%proficiencyorgreaterisconsideredCertified.Divisionsnotcurrentlyusingthismethodareencouragedtotransitiontothissystem.ThedivisionCertifiedadvisorordesigneeisresponsibleforselectingtheevaluatorsfromthepoolofeligibleindividuals.IdeallyallevaluatorsarebothNSPinstructorsandCertifiedpatrollersintheirtestingdisciplines.Thepoolofeligibleindividualsincludesthosepatrollerswhohavecompletedthemodulebeingtestedbutnotnecessarilyallmodules.Whenresourcesareavailable,eachevaluationteamshouldhaveatleasttwoevaluators.
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RecertificationTomaintainclassification,Certifiedpatrollersarerequiredtosuccessfullydemonstrateskiandtobogganhandlingskillsindivisionauthorizedrecertificationeventsonceeverythreeyears.IfaCertifiedpatrollerisnotabletomeettheperformancestandardsatarecertificationevent,heorshewillbegivenagraceperiodofoneskiseasontobringthoseskillsuptostandard.ReciprocityDivision‐Certifiedadvisors,withconcurrenceoftheirdivisiondirector,mayapproveasappropriatepartialorfullreciprocityforindividualsintheirdivisionwhohavereceivedCertifiedstatusorcompletedmoduleswithanothergroupsuchastheAssociationofProfessionalPatrollers(APP).ThereisautomaticreciprocitybetweenNSPdivisionsaslongasthepatrollercomplieswiththecurrentdivisionrecertificationrequirements.ResourcesThemostcurrenteditionsarerecommendedforalleducationalmaterials.
• ADA,OSHA,U.S.ForestService• ANSIB.77Codes(Themostcurrentcodesshouldbefollowedwheretheyhavebeen
adopted,onastate‐by‐statebasis.)• Areapoliciesandprocedures,i.e.,patrol,grooming,snowmaking,liftoperationsand
evacuation• AvalancheRescueFundamentals,LinBallardandDaleAtkins• BlastersHandbook,DuPont• CurrentNSPandNSAAcatalogsforvideosandpublications• ExplosivesUseinAvalancheControl:NationalSkiAreasAssociationGuidelines• ICS100,200and700certification(onlinecoursesatwww.training.fema.gov)• SkiandTobogganTraining• MountainTravel&Rescue,NationalSkiPatrol• Mountaineering,TheFreedomoftheHills,TheMountaineersBooks• OutdoorEmergencyCare,NationalSkiPatrol• Snow,WeatherandAvalanches:ObservationGuidelinesforAvalancheProgramsin
theUnitedStates(SWAG)bytheAmericanAvalancheAssociationandtheUSDAForestServiceNationalAvalancheCenter
• StayingAliveinAvalancheTerrainbyBruceTremper• TheAvalancheHandbookbyMcClung&Schaerer• TheSkiPatroller'sManual,NationalSkiPatrol• TheLiftEvacuationManual,NationalSkiAreasAssociation• YourResponsibilityCode,NationalSkiAreasAssociation
Seeeachmoduleforresourcesregardingspecifictopicsofstudy.
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CERTIFIEDMODULE1:AreaOperations
Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•HKDSnowmakers’website,snowgun.com•Localareaon‐mountainstaff,workshopsandpublications•NationalSkiAreasAssociation(NSAA)seminars,workshopsandpublications•RatnikIndustries’website,www.ratnik.com•SMISnowmakers’website,www.snowmakers.com•TechnoAlpin’swebsite,www.technoalpin.com Essentialknowledgeoflocalareamanagementpolicies,proceduresandgeneraldailyoperations Slopesandtrails Slopesignage ‐Handlingclosures ‐Signageandfencing ‐Obstaclehazardmarking Marking Removal Naturalversusmanmade ‐Snowboardconsiderations Techniquesforclosingaslopeortrail–when/how Knowledgeofskiindustrypractices ‐Traildesign/maintenancefactorsnecessarytomitigaterisks ‐Paddingissues Specialsnowboardmaintenanceandpatrolissues ‐Benches ‐Loading/unloading ‐Parks Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations Groomingpurposesandprocedures ‐Movementofsnow When/howfar Why/whynot ‐Specialconsiderations Terrainparks Halfpipes ‐Skieraccessibility ‐Stabilization ‐Groomingreports ‐Skipatrolinvolvement Groomingequipmentanduses ‐Types
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Variousmanufacturers,e.g.Thiolkol,PistenBully,Bombardier,etc. Winchcats Other ‐Accessories Tiller Compactorbar 12‐wayblade Hydrostaticdrive Other ‐Managingnonfunctioninggroomingequipmenton‐mountain Cat Pipedragon Snowmobile Snowmobileoperations ‐Trainingprograms ‐Helmetrequirements ‐Requiredroutes ‐Safetyinspections Snowmaking Purposeandprocedures ‐Trainingprograms ‐Effectoftemperatureandhumidity ‐Skipatrolinvolvement ‐Limitations ‐Skierconcerns Snowmakingequipment ‐Hydrantplacementconcerns Inwoods Atedgeoftrail Inmiddleoftrail Anatomy ‐Snowmakinggun Airless Air/watersystems Safetyissuesofhigh‐pressurewaterandair Liftoperations AmericanNationalStandards(ANSI)codesanddesigncriteria Verticalclearances Horizontalclearances Chairclearancesatloadingandunloadingramps Maxslopeatanunloadingramp Operator’straininglogandchainofcommand Supervisionandresponsibility(who/how) Liftmaintenanceintervals Lock‐out/tag‐outproceduresformaintenanceorrescue
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Signagerequirements Liftcomponents ‐Brakingsystems/purposes ‐Emergencysystems ‐Typesofcarriers ‐Wireropesplice ‐Creep‐backmarks ‐Locationofwireropetuck ‐Inspectioncertificateandbywhatauthority ‐Itemstolookforwhileridingchairduringopening ‐Lubricationofwirerope,specificallydifferenttypesofcores Auxiliarypowersource ‐Starting(howoften/purpose) ‐Maintenancelog(why) ‐Typesoffuels ‐Electricalsystems ‐Controls ‐Communicationswhileinuse ‐Alternateifauxiliarypowerdoesnotoperate Liftevacuation(seeModule7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuation) ‐Alternativeifauxiliarypowerdoesnotoperate Liftevacuation(seeModule7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuation) Interfacingwithareaoperations/departments/management Rentalandretailshops ‐Ski/snowboardrentalprocedures Rentalinjuryprocedures(post‐accidentinspection) Releasereviews ‐Equipmentissues ‐Clothing ‐Other Specialevents(races,etc.) ‐Coordinationofpatrolresponsibilities ‐Coursemaintenance ‐Foodservice ‐Daycare/children’sskischool ‐Skischool Safetyrulesandprocedures Locationandprotectionofteachingareas Valueoflessonprogram Guests Patrollers Maintenance ‐Communication ‐Documentingproblems Marketing/customerrelations
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‐Speedercontrol ‐Skier/snowboarder/Nordicprograms Skiersafetyeducation/re‐education Skiersafetyenforcementandconfrontationaltechniques/issues ‐Safetyawareness ‐Skier’sResponsibilityCode ‐Specialsnowboarderconsiderations ‐Information/maps ‐Mountainhostprogram Facilities ‐Parking ‐Drop‐offandpick‐upareas ‐Housekeeping ‐Security/police ‐Terrainparkinteraction Skipatrol(alpineandNordic) Paidversusvolunteer On‐the‐hillandaidroom Advancedlifesupportprograms(AED,ACLS,etc.) TransfertoEMSsystem Immediateaccesstomedicalfacility Equipment(emergencycare,radios,toboggans,evacuationgear,etc.) Medicalwasteanddisposal OSHArequirements Sign‐in/sign‐outlogs(purpose) Criticalincidentstressdebriefing Responsibilitiesofpatrolrepresentative ValueofaNSPaffiliation PurposeofthejointoperatingstatementbetweentheNSPandNSAA Patroldirector’sexpectationsofhis/herNSPdivision Emergencyresponsewrittenplansandprocedures Searchandrescue Avalanche Masscasualty/disaster Liftevacuation Emergencyvehicleaccessandevacuation Operationsguidelines ‐EMS/firedepartment ‐Security ‐Alcohol/drugconsumption ‐Liftmaintenance ‐Grooming ‐Snowmaking ‐Humanresources Evaluationcriteria
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CERTIFIEDAVALANCHEMODULES2‐4ThefollowingthreemodulesareuniqueintheNSPCertifiedpatrollerprograminthattherearetwolevelsofcertificationforeachmodule.Baselinecertificationqualificationsapplytoallpatrollersintheprogram;advancedqualificationsapplytocertificationindivisionsthatadoptthosequalifications.Anyone,certifiedbypassingjustthebaselinemoduletestsinonedivision,whothenmovestoadivisionthatrequirestheadvancedqualifications,willneedtopasstheadvancedmoduletestsbeforetheircertifiedstatusisvalidatedbythatdivision.
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CERTIFIEDMODULE2:AvalancheHazardAssessment
BaselinecertificationSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•BackcountryAvalancheSafetybyTonyDaffern•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney•SnowSensebyJillFredstonandDougFeslerBaselinequalifications(appliestoallCertifiedcandidates) Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Minimum:NSPIntroductiontoAvalancheSafetyandRescuecourse Recommended:NSPLevel1AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassificationdiscussion Basictypes ‐Loosesnow ‐Slab ‐Wet Genericpathanatomy Sizerelativetopath(R1‐R5) Sizerelativetodestructiveness(D1‐D5) Triggers(examplesofnaturalandartificial) Contributoryfactorsdiscussion Weatherfactors ‐Temperature ‐Wind ‐Precipitation Snowpackfactors ‐Layering ‐Metamorphismprocesses Rounding Sintering Faceting Melt‐freeze ‐Snowprofiles Strengthmeasurements Criticalstructures Energy Terrainfactors Humanfactors Snowmechanics/avalanchedynamicsdiscussion Loadingandstress
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Stressanddeformation Deformationandfracture Loosesnowreleasesequence Slabavalanchereleasesequence Wetsnowreleasesequence Hazardevaluationdiscussion Avalanchecenterbulletins NorthAmericanAvalancheDangerScale DangerRoseDiagrams Snowpitsandprofiles Spatialvariationprinciple “Bull’s‐eye”dataprioritization ObviousCluesMethod(OCM) NSPAvalancheHazardChecklist Evaluationcriteria Writtenpretest Oraldiscussionbasedonessentialcontentdescribedabove Skillsdemonstration(showandtell) InterpretaDangerRoseDiagram Interpretasnowprofile Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetterAdvancedqualifications(divisionoption)Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney•Snow,WeatherandAvalanches;ObservationGuidelinesforAvalancheProgramsintheUnitedStates(SWAG)bytheAmericanAvalancheAssociationandUSDAForestServiceNationalAvalancheCenter•StayingAliveinAvalancheTerrainbyBruceTremper•TheAvalancheHandbookbyDavidMcClungandPeterSchaerer Prerequisitebackgroundeducation NSPLevel2AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassification Primary Secondary Weatherfactors Atmosphericpressure Radiation ‐Types ‐Sources ‐Heating/coolingeffects Temperatureandrelativehumidity Atmosphericlifting ‐Types
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‐Effects ‐Importance ‐Adiabaticlapserates Precipitationprocesses ‐Condensationprocessthatformsclouddroplets ‐Vapordepositionprocessthatformsicecrystals ‐Roleofnucleiincondensationandcrystallization ‐Rimingprocess ‐Surfacehoarformation ‐InternationalCommissiononSnowandIce(ICSI)systemofsnowclassification PrincipalsnowclimatezonesintheU.S. Windvelocity,transportanddeposition Weatherplotinstrumentationandmeasurements(what,when,where,how,why) Snowpackfactors Snowpackdevelopment ‐Structure ‐Principlesofcohesionandadhesion ‐Viscousandelasticpropertiesofsnow ‐Slabsandinterfaces ‐Corniceformation Metamorphism ‐Generaldescription ‐Roundingprocess ‐Sinteringprocess ‐Facetingprocess ‐Melt‐freezeprocess ‐Crustsandicelayers Snowlayerhardness ‐Relationshipbetweensnowhardnessandstrength ‐Strongandweaklayersinasnowpack Snowlayerdensityandwaterequivalent ‐Howmeasured/calculated ‐Relationshipbetweendensityandwaterequivalent ‐Densityandloading Stressinthesnowpack ‐Sources ‐Locationinthesnowpack ‐Howobserved/measured ‐Deformation Settlement Creep Glide Significancerelativetoavalanchepotential Freewaterinthesnowpack ‐Sources
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‐Pendularregime ‐Funicularregime ‐Percolation ‐Significancerelativetoavalanchepotential Snowpackdatagatheringmethods ‐Studypit ‐Testpit Observations Tests ‐Observationsandtestsonthemove Terrainfactors Generalterrainfeaturesandrelationshiptoavalanchepotential ‐Elevation ‐Angle ‐Aspect ‐Contour ‐Anchors ‐Vegetation Specificterrainstructuresandtheirrelationshiptoavalanchepotential ‐Ridges ‐Knobs ‐Bowls ‐Couloirs ‐Chutes ‐Spines ‐Gullies ‐Isolatedrocks/trees ‐Brushyareas Terraininfluenceonweather ‐Temperaturechanges ‐Precipitationrates ‐Snowtransportandloadingpatterns ‐Inversions ‐Surfacehoarandrime Terraininfluenceonsnowpack ‐Heatgain/loss ‐Stressvectorsandamplifiers Corniceformation Avalanchepathrecognitionandhistory Examplesof“terraintraps” Humanfactors Riskandvulnerability Attitudesandheuristics Managingrisk Managinguncertainty
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Avalanchereleasediscussion Failuredynamics ‐Stressvectors ‐Stressbuildingfactors ‐Stressrelieffactors ‐Snowpackstructuresthatconcentratestress ‐Distinctionsbetween“failure,”“fracture”and“propagation” Avalanchereleasemechanics ‐Loosesnow ‐Slab ‐Wet ‐Ice ‐Slush Avalanchetriggerdescriptionsandexamples ‐Natural ‐Artificial Componentsofastandardavalancheobservation(SWAG) ‐Observationcomponents ‐Classificationcodes Hazardassessmentdiscussion Roleofavalanchecenterbulletins ‐Features/dataprovided ‐Advantages ‐Disadvantages Roleoflocalobservationsduringtravel ‐Weatherfactors ‐Snowpackstabilityfactors ‐Strength Ski/BootPenetrationTest ShovelShearTest CompressionTest ExtendedColumnTest PropagationSawTest HandShearTest SkiPolePenetrometerTest ‐Structure(“lemons,”“yellowflags”) ‐Energy(shearquality,propagation) ‐Spatialvariation ‐Terrainfactors Altitude Aspect Contours Vegetation Decision‐makingdiscussion Prioritizationofdata
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‐Terrain ‐Weather ‐Snowpack ‐Human Decision‐makingaids ‐Purpose ‐Examples ‐Preference Evaluationcriteria Demonstrateaccuratemeasurementof: Slopeangle Aspect Elevations Identifyterrainfeatures,includingslidepathsandterraintrapsinthefield InterpretaDangerRoseDiagramintermsofrelativehazard Makeastabilityassessmentbasedonagraphicalformatsnowprofile Createasnowprofile(tabularorgraphical)fromprovideddata(examplesfromthe candidate’spersonalavalanchehandbookwillsatisfythisitem) Useterraincluestoidentifyavalanchepaths Useterrainandsnowpackcluestodeterminedirectionofprevailingwindsandleeslopes Digasuitabletestpit Location Dimensions Observations/measurements ‐Stratigraphy ‐Layerhardness ‐Temperaturegradients ‐Graintypes ‐Grainsizes ‐Criticalstructures(“lemons,”“yellowflags”) Standardizedstrengthtestsforinstability(includingscoringparameters) ‐ShovelShear ‐Compression ‐ExtendedColumn ‐PropagationSaw Assessfracture(shear)quality Drawasnowprofile Makeastabilityassessmentbasedonfindings Conductnon‐standardizedtestsforinstability SkiPolePenetrometer HandShear Switchback Ski/BootPenetration
Demonstrateappropriateuseofatleasttwohazardassessment/decision‐makingtools
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MODULE3:AvalancheRiskMitigation
BaselinecertificationSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•SnowSensebyJillFredstonandDougFesler•BackcountryAvalancheSafetybyTonyDaffern•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney•TheAvalancheHandbookbyDavidMcClungandPeterSchaerer(explosivescomponentonly)Baselinequalifications(appliestoallCertifiedcandidates) Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Minimumrequired:NSPIntroductiontoAvalancheSafetyandRescuecourse Recommended:NSPLevel1AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourseEssentialknowledge Riskmitigationprinciples Conceptandgeneralpurposeofavalancheriskmitigationpractices Individualriskmitigation ‐Usereducation ‐Advanceplanning ‐Terrainselectionprinciples ‐Travelrituals Passivemeasuresbyresortsandcommunities/agencies Zoning/accesscontrol/signage Stabilizationstructures/reforestation Defensestructures Activemeasuresbyresortsandcommunities/agencies Slopecompaction Slopecutting Artificialtriggeringwithexplosives ‐Typesofexplosives ‐Deliverymethods ‐Regulatoryentities Evaluationcriteria Oralinterviewusingachecklistform Scoreatleast80%topassAdvancedqualifications(divisionoption)Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•StayingAliveinAvalancheTerrainbyBruceTremper•TheAvalancheHandbookbyDavidMcClungandPeterSchaerer•ExplosivesUseinAvalancheControl,NationalSkiAreasAssociationGuidelines•RecommendedSafeWorkingPractices,OricaAvalancheProducts,OricaMiningServices,www.oricaminingservices.com
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Prerequisitebackgroundeducation NSPLevel2AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse AssociationofProfessionalPatrollersblastingseminarEssentialknowledge Definitions Avalanchehazard Avalancherisk Vulnerability Mitigation Needfromskiindustrystandpoint Transportationroutes Resorts Guidedbackcountryandheli‐skiservices Avalancheproblemfactors Type Magnitude/destructivepotential Returnperiod Forecasting/decisionresponsibility Rescuecapability Passivemethods Accesscontrol ‐Delineation ‐Closures ‐Warnings/education ‐Zoningforcommercial/residentialproperties ‐Limitationsofsignage,closuresandotherformsofaccesscontrol Limitingdevices ‐Windfencing;jetroof,etc. Supportingstructures ‐Startingzonesupportstructures ‐Reforestation Deflectionandretardingofavalancheflow ‐Catchmenttrenches/basins ‐Diversionbermsandmounds Directprotectionofstructures ‐Splitters ‐Tunnels/sheds ‐Reinforcedstructures Activemethods Compaction ‐Machine ‐Bootpacking ‐Recreationaltraffic Skicutting
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Cornicebreaking/cutting Explosives ‐Mechanicsofexplosiverelease Thrust/pressure Groundstresswaves Airstresswaves ‐Effectonsnowpack Mechanicalfracture Compactioncolumns Dryversuswetsnow ‐Methodsofdelivery Handcharges Typesofexplosivesused Chargesizes Corniceblasting Fusingissues Deliverymethods Largecharges Blastingagentsversusexplosives Conditionswhereadvantageous Deliverymethods Artillery Military Avalauncher Gaz‐Ex Generalprinciples Fixedsystems Portablesystems(e.g.“DaisyBell”) ‐Placementconsiderations ‐No‐lightsandmisfires Relightissues Timefactors Projectiles ‐Dealingwithnegativeresults ‐Regulatoryauthoritiesandregulationissues Federal State Local ‐Safety/securityissues Communication Training ‐Storage Usergroupeducationdiscussion(descriptions,effectivenessandlimitations) Signage Avalanchecenterbulletins
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Awarenesspresentations Avalancheeducationcourses ‐Targetaudiences ‐Levels ‐Standards ‐Providers Evaluationcriteria Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamcoveringtheaforementionedmaterial Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter
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CERTIFIEDMODULE4:AvalancheRescue
BaselinecertificationSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•NSPAvalancheRescueFundamentalsbyLinBallardandDaleAtkins•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney
Baselinequalifications(appliestoallCertifiedcandidates) Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Minimumrequired:NSPIntroductiontoAvalancheSafetyandRescuecourse Recommended:NSPLevel1AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Overallsurvivalchancesifcaughtandburied Minimumequipmentfortravelinavalancheterrain,includingpurpose,types,care andusageofeachitem Purpose,advantagesanddisadvantagesofadjunctsurvival/self‐rescueequipment, suchasAvalung®andairbagsystems Precautionstotakeimmediatelybeforeandwhilecrossingasuspectslope Techniquestohelpescapeand/orsurvivalifcaughtinanavalanche Companion/groupsearch Whattodoifwitnessingsomeonecaughtinanavalanche Advantagesanddisadvantagesofsearchandrescuebycompanions Leadershiprequirementsandoptionsforcompanionrescue Basiccompanionsearchprocesses ‐Narrowingthesearcharea ‐Surface(audio‐visual)search ‐Transceiversearch ‐Clueandcatchmentsearch Searchskills ‐Transceiveruse ‐Probesandprobingmethods ‐Shovelsandshovelingmethods Emergencycare ‐Extrication ‐Traumaconsiderationsandtreatment ‐Suffocationconsiderationsandtreatment ‐Hypothermiaconsiderationsandtreatment ‐Emergencytransportation Processforgroupstomergeefforts(groupsearch) Prosandconsofseekingoutsidehelp OrganizedSearchandRescue(SAR)
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Statusandeffectiveness Rescueorganizationandmanagement ‐Purpose,functionalgoalsandeffectivenessoforganizedavalancherescue ‐IncidentCommandSystem(ICS) Whenitbecomesoperational ImmediateprioritiesoftheIncidentCommander Howthesystemgrowswithtime,resourcesandcomplexity FunctionsofeachSection ‐Authorityandrolesofnon‐patrolagenciesthatmayaffectthepatroller’srole andfunctions Initialsearchteam ‐Composition ‐Whattotake,whattoleavebehind ‐Functionsenroutetoincidentsite ‐Teamsafetyconsiderations ‐Functionsuponarrival Additionalresources ‐Typeandamount ‐Deployment Rescuersafety ‐Risks ‐Consequences ‐Management Evaluationcriteria(withinlimitsofavailablesnowpackandterrain) Findtwotransceiverswithina100mby100mareawithinfiveminutes Demonstrateproperspot‐probingtechnique Transceiverpinpoint Cluesandcatchments Demonstrateproperprobe‐linetechnique DemonstrateeffectiveshovelingmethodsforuncoveringaburiedavalanchevictimAdvancedqualifications(divisionoption)Suggestedresource(uselatestpublicationedition)•NSPAvalancheRescueFundamentalsbyLinBallardandDaleAtkins Prerequisitebackgroundeducation NSPLevel2AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Overallsurvivalchancesifcaughtandburied Minimumequipmentfortravelinavalancheterrain,includingpurpose,types,care andusageofeachitem Functionandeffectivenessofadjunctsurvival/self‐rescueequipment,suchas ‐Avalung® ‐Airbagsystems
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Precautionstotakeimmediatelybeforeandwhilecrossingasuspectslope Techniquestohelponeescapeand/orsurviveifcaughtinanavalanche Companion/groupsearch Whattodoifwitnessingsomeonecaughtinanavalanche Advantagesanddisadvantagesofsearchandrescuebycompanions Basicphases/functionsofcompanionsearchandrescue Leadershiprequirementsandoptionsforcompanionrescue Seekingoutsidehelp ‐Prosandcons ‐Methods OrganizedSearchandRescue(SAR) Needandeffectiveness Rescueorganizationandmanagement ‐Primaryfunctionalgoalsoforganizedavalancherescue ‐IncidentCommandSystem(ICS) Whenitbecomesoperational ImmediateprioritiesoftheIncidentCommander Howthesystemgrowswithtime,resourcesandcomplexity FunctionsandprioritiesofeachSection ‐Authorityandrolesofnon‐patrolagenciesthatmayaffectthepatroller’srole andfunctions Initialalertandresponse ‐Dealingwiththereportingparty ‐Initialsearchteam Composition Whattotake,whattoleavebehind Functionsenroutetoincidentsite Teamsafetyconsiderations Functionsuponarrival Siteleaderresponsibilities ‐Communications ‐Additionalresources Typeandamount Deployment Sitemarking Adaptationsforspecialsearchsettings ‐Buildings ‐Vehicles Resortavalanchealertingandrescueplans ‐ICScompatibility ‐Agencyinvolvement ‐Decision‐makingpriorities ‐Utilizationofnon‐patrolpersonnel ‐Methodsfordispatchingandtrackingpersonnelandotherresources ‐Handlingofout‐of‐boundsincidents
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Rescueleadershipandteamwork ‐Qualitiesofeffectiveleadership/followership ‐Initialinformationandplanning Criticalinformationtoseekfromawitness Strategiesforidentifyingandsystematicallyfocusingonproblems Appropriatecommunicationswithpersonnelconnectedwiththe problem Prioritizingdata Componentsofaneffectiveplanofaction Rescuepersonnelsafety ‐General Specialhumanfactorconsiderations Assumptionsabouthazardswhenrespondingtoanavalancheincident Consequencesofrescuer(s)caughtinavalancheenroutetoanincident Waystopromotepersonnelsafetyinrescueoperations Specifichazardsandprecautions ‐Accessroutehazards ‐Incidentsitehazards ‐Evacuationroutehazards ‐Unauthorizedpersonsaccessingthesite ‐Mechanizedtransport Over‐snowvehicle Helicopter Avalanchedogteams ‐Advantagesandlimitations ‐Methodsofdeployment ‐Incorporatingdogsintoasearchalreadyunderway ‐Appropriaterescuerbehaviorwhenrescuedogsareworkingasite Emergencymedicalcareandevacuationofavalanchevictims Physiologicfactorsleadingtoavalanchedeath Associatedmechanismsofinjury Extricationprinciples Frequentlyneededemergencycare Triageprinciplesassociatedwithmultipleavalanchecasualties Specialtransportationconsiderations Avalancheincidentdocumentation Importanceofaccurateanddetaileddocumentation Kindsofinformationthatneedstobedocumented Sourceofstandardavalanchereportingforms Evaluationcriteria Givenahypotheticallastseenarea(LSA)andflowpattern,identifylikelyburialareasonagivenslope Findtwotransceiversburiedwithina100mby100mareawithinfiveminutes(Criticalperformanceindicator(CPI)–mustbepassedinordertocertify) Demonstrateeffectivespot‐probingtechniquesforcluesandcatchments
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Demonstrateeffectiveprobe‐linemanagement Groupsize Spacing(withandwithoutaguidecord) Alignment Commands Useofguidecord Marking Proceduresforpotential“strike” Offsetforsecondpass Demonstrateeffectiveshovelingmethodsandtechniques Side‐by‐side(strategic)method V‐shaped(conveyor)method
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CERTIFIEDMODULE5:OECModulefortheCertifiedProgram
Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•LocalcontinuingeducationOutdoorEmergencyCare(OEC)sessions•LocalEMT/ambulancesquads•OutdoorEmergencyCare,NationalSkiPatrol•TheSkiPatroller'sManual,NationalSkiPatrol Essentialknowledge DemonstratesuperiorknowledgeofOECconcepts DemonstratesuperiorknowledgeofOECmanagement,principlesandtechniques: Situationassessmentandmanagement Skiareaoperationalfactors Decisionmaking Leadership Resourcemanagement Demonstratetheabilitytodevelopandcommunicateawrittenororalemergencycare planinresponsetoawrittenscenario(divisionoption) Evaluationcriteria CandidateevaluatedasaleaderofatleastonecomplexOECscenario,whichmayinclude: (A)trainedpatroller(s) (An)untrainedbystander(s) Problemstobeevaluatedmayincludethefollowing: Multiplevictims Multipleinjuries Challengingterrain Challengingscene Division‐developedwrittenevaluationmayincludethefollowing: Essays QuestionsfromtheOECtestbank Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter
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CERTIFIEDMODULE6:RiskManagement
Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•Localarea’sliabilitycarrier’smaterials•Localarea’sinsuranceinformation•NationalSkiAreasAssociation(NSAA)riskmanagementmaterials Concludingobjectives Provideanoverviewoflocalskiarea’soperationalpolicies,andreviewandcompare variousareaprogramsregardingriskmitigation Slopesandtrails Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations Snowmaking Liftoperations Interfacingwithareaoperations/departments/management Provideanunderstandingoflocalarea’splanningandproceduresregardingriskmitigation Obtaincopiesofappropriatelocalarea’swrittendocumentstoreviewforinterviewand/orquestioningprocess Essentialknowledge Skiindustryriskmanagementissues Definitionofterm‘riskmanagement’ Areaandtraildesign ‐Crowdcontrol ‐Parking/parkinglots ‐Traildesign/maintenancerisks Actualexamples Pre‐andpost‐lossgoals Safetyandriskmanagementtrainingtypesandavailability ‐Educationalobjectivesforeachtrainingprogram ‐Reductionofemployeeskiinginjuries,ACLawarenesstraining,etc. Skiindustryinsuranceissues Localarea’sinsurancecarrier(s) ‐Coverage ‐Typesofliftinspectionsrequired ‐Typesofliabilityreleases ‐Possibleinsurancelossesthroughemployees,throughthepublic Employeeversusguestinsurance ‐Area’snon‐skiingexposuretorisk Slipping,falling Daycare Foodandbeverage
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Liquorliability Propertyloss Workers’compensation Instructionalexposure Localarea’sriskmanagement/insurancebudgeting Costperskier Inspections Workers’compensationforpaidversusvolunteer Emergencyresponse/planningdocuments Actualexamples ‐Searchandrescue ‐Avalanche ‐Masscasualty ‐Liftevacuation ‐Emergencyvehicleaccess ‐Operationsguidelines Implementation “RedFlag”incidentreportingprocedures Purposeandtypeofreports ‐Liftincident ‐Slopeincident ‐Skischoolincident ‐Employee ‐Other Liabilityreleases Investigationkit ‐Photos/diagrams ‐Who,what,where Witness(es)statement(s) ‐Purpose ‐Employeeversuspublic ‐Whoreceivescopiesandwhy Legalimplicationsofriskmanagement What,why,where,whenandhow Whattodoifcontactedby: ‐Injuredguest ‐Friendorrelativeofinjuredguest ‐Newsmedia ‐Opposingattorney ‐Insuranceattorney ‐Otheremployees ‐Others Complianceissues National,stateandlocalagenciesthataffectskiareaoperations ‐AmericanswithDisabilities(ADA)
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Equalopportunityincludingtramwayuse,safetyandspecial emergencyevacuationconsiderations ‐OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct(OSHA) FormsNo.200,101 Hazardousmaterialscommunicationprogram(MaterialSafetyData Sheet) InjuryandIllnessPreventionProgram(IIPP) Medicalwastemanagement(regulationsvaryperstate) ‐U.S.ForestService(forskiareasonUSFSland) Specialusepermitprovisions Winteroperationplan Monitoringreports ‐Regulatoryenvironmentalorganizations AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI) Stateandlocalregulationsaffectingskiareaoperations Liftconstructionandevacuation RiskmanagementissuesEvaluationcriteria Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter
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CERTIFIEDMODULE7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuation
Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•TheLiftEvacuationManual,NationalSkiAreasAssociation(NSAA)•MountainTravel&Rescue,NationalSkiPatrol(NSP) Concludingobjectives Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofareamanagement,NSPandpatrollerrolesinpracticalapplicationsofevacuationbypractical,writtenand/ororalexamination Aerialrescue,e.g.lifts,trams Groundrescue,e.g.toboggan,cliff,offtrail Demonstrateasmooth,confidentandfluidtechniquewhentyingknots,handlingropeandusingevacuationequipmentincommonaswellascomplicatedsituations(NOTE:InaccordancewithNSPintheinterestofriskmanagement,theNSPliftevacuationcomponentwillnotincludetheactualloweringofpeople.) Demonstrateproperbelaytechniques Essentialknowledge Liftoperations Designandcodes ‐Linesetup(mazes,ropes,fences,etc.) ‐Ramps(onandoff) ‐Emergencygate ‐Stabilizationpump ‐Consistencybetweenlifts Liftcomponents Auxiliarypowersources Riskmanagementissues ‐Guestrelations ‐Liftsignage Evacuationplanning Advancepreparation ‐Knowledgeofrelevantlowsandregulations ‐Safetyconsiderations ‐Equipmentselectionandstorage ‐Personneltraining ‐Coordinationwithappropriateoutsideorganizations ‐Coordinationwithgovernmentagencies ‐Coordinationwithotherskiareadepartments ‐Designingtechniquesbasedonlifts,terrain,etc. Guidelinesforanevacuationalert ‐Callinganalert ‐Reassuringpassengers ‐Establishingcommunication
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‐Designatingevacuationleaders ‐Preparingrescuers Specificproceduresofevacuation ‐Liftpowerlockout ‐Teamdeployment ‐Evacuationprocess ‐Ascending ‐Specialsituations ‐Groundcare Implementation Useoftheplan ‐Servingasaleader ‐Establishingteams Appropriateequipment ‐Properuse ‐Placementandremoval ‐Properpositioning Ropehandling ‐Types ‐Knots ‐Otherapplicablerescuetechniques ‐Careandstorage Belaytechniques ‐Anchoring Astrongstablepositionestablishedfromwhichtoinitiateastatic belayusingahipbelaypositionorfixedobject Belaypositionbestsuitingforthetypeofbelayselected ‐Communication Allpartiesinvolved(ready,alert) ‐Controlleddescent Frictiondevices Body Mechanical Other,e.g.tree,lifttower,snowcat Postevacuationactivities ‐Equipmentcare ‐Reports ‐Informationrelease ‐Critique Certifiedtrainingactivity Describeaspecificsituationwhereyouhaveservedasanevacuationleaderatlocalarea Evaluationcriteria Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter Throughinterview,discussionand/orwrittenformat,demonstratesuperiorproficiency: Knots
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Ropehandling Evacuationequipment(Note:Candidatesmustbringtheirownevacuationequipmenttotheevaluation.)
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CERTIFIEDMODULE8:AlpineSkiing,TelemarkSkiing&Snowboarding
Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•CurrentNationalPSIAandAASIcertificationstandards,ProfessionalSkiInstructorsofAmerica(PSIA)andAmericanAssociationofSnowboardInstructors(AASI)•OutdoorEmergencyTransportationManual,NationalSkiPatrol•NSPCertifiedProgramclinicsorevaluationsessions,NationalSkiPatrol•SkiTrainer’sWorkshopmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol•PSIAAmericanTeachingSystemmaterials,PSIA•Skiing/SnowboardingEnhancementSeminars,NationalSkiPatrol•PSIAorAASIworkshops,PSIAorAASI•SkiingEnhancementSeminarmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol Purpose PreparetheCertifiedcandidatefortheCertifiedalpineskiing,telemarkskiingor snowboardingtest Testverifiessuperiorskiingorsnowboardingskillsinchallengingsnowconditions andterrain Concludingobjectives Exhibitsuperiorskiingorridingabilityinvariedterrainandsnowconditionsincluding: Steepterrain Moguledsurfaces Groomedsurfaces Ungroomedsurfaces(crud,cement,deepsnow,hardpack,ice,corn,breakable crust,etc.) Gladedareas Exhibitsuperiorskiingorridingabilitywhileperformingtypicalpatrollingdutiesincluding: Skiing/ridingasapresenceontheslopes Carryingandsettingupequipment Lookingforareportedaccident Transportinganinjuredguestinatoboggan Serveasarolemodelforsafeskiing/riding,adheringtotheSkier’sResponsibilityCode Essentialknowledge Generalcharacteristicsofsuperiorskiing/riding Anticipatinghowsnowconditionsandterrainaffectequipmentandabilitiesand makingappropriateadjustmentsinskiing/riding Makingshort,mediumandlongradiusturnswithlittleornoskidding Maintainingflow/rhythmwhetherincreasingordecreasingspeed Adaptingtoterrainandconditions Usingavarietyofturnsizesandshapes(e.g.everydoesn’thavetoberound) Abilitytomaintainlateralandfore/aftbalancethroughoutallphasesofaturn Progressivelyincreasinganddecreasingedgeanglesthroughoutallphasesofaturn Makingturnswithminimaltaildisplacement
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Maintainingsnowcontactatturninitiation Maintainingastableupperbodywhilekeepinganactivelowerhalf Characteristicsofsuperiortelemarkoralpineskiing Tippingtheskisbeforesteeringtheskistowardsthefallline Skiingdynamicparallelturnsonallinboundsterrain Guidingbothfeetintoandoutofthefallline,leavingtwowell‐definedarcsbefore thefalllinethroughturncompletion Characteristicsofsuperiorsnowboarding Tippingtheboardbeforesteeringtheboardtowardsthefallline Controllingtheperformanceoftheboardtowardstheintendedoutcome(tail followingthepathofthenose) Extendingtoinitiateanewturn Extendingtoreleasetheedge Flexingtoinitiateanewturn(movingthecenterofmassintothenewturn) Flexingtoreleasetheedge Keepingbothlegsactive Applyingequalflexion/extensionmovementsfrombothlegs Usingavarietyofwaystounweighttheboard Applyingindependentflexion/extensionmovementsfrombothlegs Maintainingreferencealignmentsasappropriatetoterrainandtask Intentionallyseparatingtheupperandlowerbodyforspecificoutcomes(i.e.butters or‘late’spins) Applyinganactiveathleticstance Usinganappropriaterangeofmotion Preparationsuggestions Maintainphysicalfitness Cardiovascularfitness Strengthconditioning Stretching Balance Stamina Useequipmentthatisversatileandingoodworkingorder Practicefundamentals Wedge Sideslip Kickturn Transitions Skating Practiceskiing/ridinginchallengingconditions Moguls Steeps Whilecarryingequipment Lookfaraheadandtothesidesofaslopeasiflookingfordistressedskiers/riders Ski/ridewithskilledskiersandsnowboarders FindaPSIA/AASIinstructortrainingforaLevelIIIcertification
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EquivalenttoCertifiedprogramlevel Opportunitytoreceiveinstructionatahigherlevelinpreparationforthatexam Participateinseminars NSPSkiEnhancementSeminars NSPtobogganskillsclinics AttendaCertifiedprogramclinicortestinyourdivision Participateinclinicsandforums Takepretests,ifavailable,toindentifystrengthsandweaknesses Auditskilltestsifpossible NSPtobogganskillsclinics Seekoutanddevelopamentor/menteerelationshipwithaCertifiedpatroller Askmentortoevaluatecurrentskills Askmentortosuggestwaystoimproveperformance AskmentortosuggestresourcestoimproveskillsEvaluationcriteria Formatvariesfromdivisiontodivision Canbeasformalasinvolvingaspecializedteamofevaluatorsandcompleting specifictasksonspecificslopeswithspecificcoursesorroutes Involvessituationsthatchallengetheskier/snowboardercandidate Skiing/ridingonsteepslopes,bumpsandungroomedsurfaces Performingaskillinadesignatedareaoronadesignatedpartoftheslope Multitasking,i.e.carryingequipmentorlookingforinjuredguestwhileskiing/riding Performingskillstypicallyassociatedwithsledhandling Involvessafetyconsiderationswhileperformingtasks AdheringtotheSkier’sResponsibilityCode Ensuringthesafetyofthepublic,peersandself Proceedingonlyiftheindicatedtaskcanbesafelyperformedontheindicated terrainconditions Examscoreof80%orbetter
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CERTIFIEDMODULE9:TobogganHandling
Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•OutdoorEmergencyTransportation,NationalSkiPatrol•PSIAAmericanTeachingSystemmaterials,ProfessionalSkiInstructorsofAmerica•SkiingEnhancementSeminarmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol•SkiTrainer’sWorkshopmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol•TobogganEnhancementSeminarmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol Concludingobjectives Unloadedtobogganskills Loadedtoboggan–frontoperatorskills Loadedtoboggan–tailropeskills(divisionoption)Essentialknowledge Abilitytodemonstratevarioustoboggan‐handlingskillsonspecificterraintofulfill Certifiedobjectives,suchas: Unloadedtobogganskills ‐Selectappropriateroute ‐Maintainasafeandcontrolledspeedappropriatetoterrainandskiertraffic ‐Exhibitsolidskiingstanceincludingbalanceandstability ‐Performtransitions ‐Performavarietyofsmoothturnsasneeded ‐Performsideslips ‐Keeptobogganinorclosetofallline ‐Performleftandrighttraverses ‐Maintainproperbodyposition ‐Ensureminimalbouncingorslippingoftoboggan ‐Appearateaseandincontroloftobogganunderallconditions ‐Performemergencystops ‐Demonstraterecoverytechniques Loadedtoboggan ‐Frontoperator Selectappropriateroute Controlspeed,skisafelyandexpediently Providesmooth,safeandcomfortableridefortheguest Skiinabalancedandstableposition Controldescentwithwedgeorsideslip Controldirectionwithturns,fallingleaf Braketobogganasneeded Communicateasnecessarywithpatientandtailoperator Performeffectivetransitionsbetweenwedgeandsideslipwithcontrol Avoidslippingduringtraverse
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‐Tailropeoperator(divisionoption) Identifyappropriateropetype,diameter,lengthandattachmentto sledatcandidate’sarea Maintainappropriatehandpositiononrope Maintaindistancefromsled Manageropeslack Demonstrateappropriate: Sledbraking Traversing Turnsynchronization Demonstrateproper: Changingofpositions Belayofsledandfrontoperator Certifiedtrainingactivities Trainingclinics’purpose Provideasupportiveenvironment Focusonimprovingpatroller’sabilitytosafely,smoothlyandefficientlybringaninjuredskierdownthehillincontrolledtobogganruns Accident‐siteapproachandmanagementtobeincluded Evaluationcriteria AllCertifiedtobogganeventstobeheldonexpertterrain Intheeventthatconditions(weather,grooming)producealackofbumps,crudand othervariableconditions,theCertifiedexamschedule(andthecandidate’s three‐seasonwindow)maybeadjusted DivisionCertifiedsupervisorwillevaluatetheterrainandtheavailableconditionson examday Examscoreof80%orbetter Continuingeducation Tobogganrecertification Providesevaluationoftoboggan‐handlingskillsatCertifiedperformancelevel ConductedonaCertified‐approvedhill TomaintainCertifiedstatus,allCertifiedpatrollersmustcompletethisreviewonce everythreeyears ToqualifyforCertifiedcontinuingeducation,thetobogganrefreshermustbe conductedbyaqualifiedevaluator RefreshermustcontaininstructionalcomponentsfollowedbyevaluationanddirectfeedbacktopatrollersfollowingCertifiedtobogganhandlingguidelines
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NationalSkiPatrolCertifiedProgramStudyGuide
APPENDIXAppendix1:SampleMultipleCasualtyPlanAppendix2:SampleSkiPatrolSkierEducationTrainingMeetingAppendix3:PerformanceEvaluations A.AreaOperations&RiskManagementPerformanceEvaluation B.AvalanchePerformanceEvaluation C.EmergencyCareEvaluations D.RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationEvaluation E.SkiingPerformanceEvaluation F.TobogganPerformanceEvaluation
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Appendix1:SampleMultipleCasualtyPlanSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•ICSResourceCenter,www.training.fema.gov/EMI/IS/ICSResource/index.htm•OutdoorEmergencyCare,5thedition,NationalSkiPatrol,http://www.fema.gov/national‐incident‐management‐systemKnowinghowtohandleamultiplecasualtyincidentisessentialforpatrollersinvolvedinadisasterwithnumerousinjuredandotherwisedistressedpeople.Thefollowinginformationinnowaysetsanoperationalstandard,butprovidesexamplesofwhatmaybeincludedinatypicalmasscasualtyplan.(Samplequestionsfollow.)OVERVIEWAmasscasualtyincidentisanysituationinwhichthenumberofinjuriesoverwhelmsorexceedstheavailableresourcesoftherescueforce,thereforecausingtheneedforcooperationwithnumerousexternalagencies,e.g.,police,sheriff,fire,emergencyservices,andsearchandrescue.Thenatureandscopeofamasscasualtymayrangefromanavalanchetoafire,alift‐relatedincident,oranexplosion.Multiplecasualtytrainingandevaluationprovidesskiareamanagementwithstaffwhoareequippedtohandlepublicandemployeesafetywhilemanagingthecrisisathand.INCIDENTCOMMANDSYSTEM(ICS)TheIncidentCommandSystem(ICS)isanationwidestandardizedtoolusedtomanageemergencysituations.EmergencypersonneldevelopedICSinthe1970safteraseriesofwildfiresinCalifornia’surbaninterface.Theydiscoveredthatmoreproblemsarosefromlackofconsistent,unifiedcommunicationbetweenandmanagementofstafffromvariousagenciesratherthanfromalackofresources.Today,theprimarygoalofICSistoensuremoreefficientutilizationofallavailableresourcesforeffectivecontrolofanyemergency.ICSshouldbeactivatedfromthetimetheincidentoccursandcontinueuntiltheneedformanagementandoperationsnolongerexists.ICSiswidelyapplicable,meaningitcanbeusedforawiderangeofemergenciesbydiversegroups,fromalllevelsofgovernmenttoprivatesectorandnonprofitorganizations,suchastheNSP.Combiningforcesfromthesevariousentitiesrequiresamutualunderstandingandagreementonorganizationalstructure,commonterminology,andoperatingprocedures,andanacceptanceofthequalificationsofallinvolvedpersonnel.AnIncidentCommandPost(ICP)isthefieldlocationwheretheprimarytactical‐level,on‐sceneincidentcommandfunctionsareperformed.TheICP’slocationshouldbedeterminedatthetimeofmobilizationanddependsonthespecificsiteoftheemergency.Locationshouldbe
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determinedwithsomeorallofthefollowingcriteriainmind:accesstoauthorizedandunauthorizedpersonnel,communicationsequipment,andvisualcontacttotheemergencyarea.
AnorganizedmanagementsystemiscriticaltoICS.TheIncidentCommander(IC)istheindividualresponsibleforallincidentactivities,includingthedevelopmentofstrategies.TwomembersoftheCommandStaff,aPublicInformationOfficer(PIO)andaLiaisonOfficer(LO)reportdirectlytotheIC.ThePIOinterfacesdirectlywiththepublic,themediaandotheragenciesinvolvedintheincident.Inthecaseofanon‐mountainskiareaemergency,theLOshouldhaveextensiveknowledgeofmountaintopographyandofthelocalterrain.TRIAGE/EMERGENCYCAREIntheeventofacrisisinvolvinginjuriestomultiplevictims,oneofthefirstprioritieswillbethestabilizationofthoseinjured.Thetriageprocessinvolvesthefollowingprocesses:
1. AssessingthesituationandnotifyingtheproperauthoritiesthroughtheICPoftheneedforactivatingstandbycrewsandsupport.
2. Settingupstagingareasfortheinjuredaccordingtotheprotocolsoftheskiareaandmedicaladvisorsinagreementwithotheroutsideagencies.Note:Triagesitesfordifferentareasofthemountainshouldbedesignatedwhenpreparingaplan.Alwaysplacethestagingareasinthesafestpossiblelocation,usingindoorspaceifpossible.
3. Placingvictimsinappropriatestagingareasimmediatelyafteratleastoneotheremergencymedicalpersonisavailabletoassistinstabilizationaccordingtoprotocol.
4. Afterreceivingproperapproval,transportingvictims.VICTIM'SASSISTANCEPLANIntheeventofanyemergencyinvolvinginjuriestomultipleparties,avictim'sassistanceprogramshouldbeinitiatedatboththeskiareabaseandthehospitaltoaidvictimsandtheirfamiliesduringtheperiodimmediatelyfollowingtheincident.Arepresentativeshouldbeassignedtoeachvictimand/orfamilyasaprimarysourceofinformationandcontact.Theprogramshouldbemanagedbyadepartmentsupervisorcapableofcoordinatingdetailssuchaslocationandconditionofvictims,travelandlodgingdetailsforthefamily,personalpropertylocation,etc.Itoftenisadvisabletoenlistthehelpofseniormembersoftheaccountingdepartmenttohelpfacilitaterecordkeepingofvictimassistanceactivities.Insomecases,itmaybenecessarytosendtherepresentativetothelocationwherethevictimishospitalized.MULTIPLECASUALTYSTUDYQUESTIONS
1. Define‘multiplecasualtyincident.’2. Whyisitimportantforpatrollerstobeawareofprocedurestofollowduringamultiple
casualtyincident?3. Whatisanincidentcommandpost(ICP)?4. WhooperatesanICP?Why?
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5. HowlongistheICPoperated?6. WhatisthelocationoftheICP?7. Nameseveralproceduresthatmaybenecessaryformostincidents.8. Howshouldanincidentbereported?9. Whatinformationisimportanttoobtain?Why?10. Whatistriage?Howshoulditbeused?11. Whatisavictim'sassistanceprogram?Whyisitagoodidea?
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Appendix2:SampleSkiPatrolSkierEducationTrainingMeeting
(Schedulenearthebeginningoftheskiseason)Welcomeandintroductions PatrollerAreaviewpoint AreaManagementSkipatrolrole/securityrole Patroller/SecurityRepSecurity: Whoarethey? Howdowecommunicate? Howdotheygetoutonthehill? SecurityRepGuidelinesforoperatingprocedure PatrollerIssuingcautions PatrollerBreakHowtoapproachskiers PatrollerRoleplaying PatrollersWrapup Patroller
ROLEPLAYSCENARIOItisanaverageweekdaynight,9:30p.m.Thetemperatureis5°F,with35mphwinds.Thereissnowmakinginprogressonchairs#11,#12,#14,#16,and#17.Youknowthe"RatPack"isonthehillbecausetheirtrucksareparkedonthesnowbetweenthepatrolroomandchair#14.Youareskiingthenorthsideofchair#18andwitnesstwoaccomplishedskierscrosstheclosedsignsintothenewsnowunderchair#14.Firstgrouproleplay1stPatroller:Heyyou!Wheredoyouthinkyou'regoing!Iwanttotalktoyou!2ndPatroller:Youintheredcoat,STOP!NOW!1stSkier:Youtalkingtome?
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2ndSkier:What'syourproblem?1stPatroller:Youtwoareoutofhere;givemeyourtickets.2ndSkier:What'syourproblem?Whatdidwedoanyway?2ndPatroller:Youskiedaclosedrun.Wearekickingyouout.SecondgrouproleplayPatroller: Excuseme,couldItalktoforyouforminute?1stSkier Whome?Why?Patroller: (Extendhand)Hi,mynameis_______.Iwouldliketotalktoyouaboutoneof ourpolicieshereat________________(skiarea).1stSkier: WellOK.2ndSkier: (Approachespatrollerandotherskier)What'stheproblem?Patroller: Noproblem.Wouldyoujoinus...(Extendhand)Mynameis_________.What's yours?2ndSkier: EveryonecallsmeRandy.Patroller: It'snicetomeetyouRandy.(Lookstotheotherskier)Whatisyourname?1stSkier: MynameisDebbie.Patroller: Debbie,it'snicetomeetyou,too.Occasionallyourpolicyat__________(ski
area)requiresustocloseaskirun.Wehatetodoit,butdon'thaveachoice.Mostoftentherunisclosedforsafetyreasons.Skiersviolatingclosureshavecommittedadangerousandseriousoffense.Wejustwatchedbothofyouskiing;youtwoareamongthebestskiersatthearea.Unfortunatelytherunyoujustskiedisclosed.
2ndSkier: That'sthebestsnowonthemountain.Wedidn'tknowitwasclosed.Wedidn't
doanythingwrong.Patroller: Iknowit'sgreatsnow.Ihavebeenskiingtheedgemyself,butthereare
highpressurewaterhosesandhighvoltagepowerlinesrunningallovertheclosedarea.Youcan'tseethembecausetheyarecoveredbythenewsnow.That'swhyweputuptheclosedsigns.
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1stSkier: Wedidn'tseeanysigns?Patroller: So...ifyouknewtherunwasclosed,youwouldhaveavoidedit?1stSkier: Noquestion...weneverskiclosedruns.Patroller: That'sallweask.Youtwohaveagoodnight.(Makingeyecontact)Debbie...
(makingeyecontact)Randy,weneedtokeeparecordoftalkingtoyouaboutthis.Ifanotherpatrollerweretoseeyouonaclosedrun,ourpolicyhererequiresthatwesuspendyourskiingprivilege.
2ndSkier: Noproblem,we'renotgoingnearanyhighvoltagelines.Patroller: Thanksforyourcooperation.Havefunandcomebackagain.Hopefullywewill
havealltherunsopen.AdditionalRolePlayScenariosYouareridingupchair#16andseeaskiercomingdownthehill.Heseesafallenskierandpurposelyskisverycloseandspraystheskierwithsnow.Ashecrossesunderthechair,helooksupandseesyouwatchinghim.Youwaitatthetop.Ashegetsoffthechair,heseesyouandtakesoffforthebottom.ItisaverybusySaturdayafternoon.Thereareskiclubracesonthenorthsideofchair#18.Youwitnessthreeexpertskierscomeoffthetopofchair#14.Theytuck,avoidingseveralskiers,allthewaytothetopofChuck'sCorridoranddoincrediblejumps.Theygetcheersfromtheracecrowdandfromthechair.Youhavetalkedtothemtwicebefore.Eachtimetheywereverypoliteandpromisednottodoitanymore.AfatherandhisyoungdaughterwereskiingdownPuppyRunwhenateenageboycameoffofchair#13inatuckandranintothelittlegirlathighspeed.Thelittlegirlisstandingandseemstobeokaybutisupsetandcrying.Thefatherhasoneoftheboy'sskisandwantsto"kill"him.Twoteenagegirls"ski"chair#18toptobottominastraightlinedoingaweakwedge,screamingalltheway.Youapproachthemandaretalkingtothemaboutmovingtoalesschallenginghillwhenoneoftheirboyfriendswhoisintoxicatedskisupwantingtoknowwhatisgoingon.Itis8atnight.Youhavebeentryingtocontroljumpingunderchair#18allnight.Youhavetornthejumpdownseveraltimesandhaveissuedtwocautionstickerstoskiersforcontinuingtobuildthejumpafteraverbalwarning.Youfeellikeyouhavetalkedtoeveryskieronthehill.Theslopeleaderhasdecidedthataquickfenceisnecessary.Youwillbeworkingunderthechairandexpecttobehearingfromchairriders.Whenyouarriveatthejump,youfindthreeskiersbuildinganotherjump.
53
Appendix3:PerformanceEvaluations
A.AreaOperations&RiskManagementPerformanceEvaluationB.AvalanchePerformanceEvaluationC.OECPerformanceEvaluationD.RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationPerformanceEvaluationE.Skiing/Telemarking/BoardingPerformanceEvaluationF.TobogganPerformanceEvaluation
54
Appendix4A:AreaOperations&RiskManagementPerformanceEvaluation
Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=.Non‐passingscoreis‐.Thesescoreshavenonumericvalueandcannotbeaveraged.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.EVENTLOCATION_____________________________ DATE___________________________DIVISION_____________________________________ EXAMINER______________________________
HomeAreaManagementPolicies,ProceduresandGeneralDailyOperationsEvaluationCriteria
• Slopesandtrails• Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations• Snowmaking• Liftoperations• Interfacewithareaoperations,departments
andmanagement
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
ExistingWrittenPlanningDocumentsEvaluationCriteria• Searchandrescue• Avalanche• Multiplecasualty• Liftevacuation• Emergencyvehicleaccess• Operationsguidelines
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
GeneralRiskManagementIssuesEvaluationCriteria
• Skiindustry/areamanagementgoals• Traildesign• Insurance• Safetyandriskmanagementtraining
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
IncidentInvestigationEvaluationCriteria
• “Redflag"typesofincidents• Investigationkits• Incidentreportprocedures• Implicationsforarea'sriskmanagement
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
ComplianceIssuesEvaluationCriteria
• Regulatoryenvironment• Liftoperations‐ANSIB77• ADA• OSHA• Forestservice• Riskmanagement
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
AREAOPERATIONS&RISKMGMTPERFORMANCE
OVERALLSCORECandidateName:
+=‐ +=‐ +=‐
55
Appendix4B:AvalanchePerformanceEvaluation
Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=.Non‐passingscoreis‐.Thesescoreshavenonumericvalueandcannotbeaveraged.EVENTLOCATION____________________________________________DATE________________________________________________________DIVISION____________________________________________________EXAMINER___________________________________________________
AvalancheManagementEvaluationCriteria
• Avalanchehazardassessment• Personalsafety• Avalancherescueteamwork• Avalancherescueprocedures• Rescuedecisionmaking• Leadershipandeffectivenessinsearchprocedures
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
AvalancheMitigationEvaluationCriteria• Closure• Compaction• Slopeandcornicecontrol• Explosives
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
AvalancheRescueEvaluationCriteria(asdefinedbydivision)
• Transceiversearch• Spotprobing• Formalprobeline• Shoveling
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
OVERALLSCORE
CandidateName:__________________________________
+=‐ +=‐ +=‐
56
C
Appendix4C:CertifiedOECPerformanceEvaluationTEAMSCENARIO#______
Candidate#1:_____________________ Date:_____________
Candidate#2:_____________________
Candidate#3:_____________________
Value
CANDIDATE#1
CANDIDATE#2
CANDIDATE#3
ScenarioSpecificCPIs(Traineemusthaveallboxescheckedinthissection)
CANDIDATE#1
CANDIDATE#2
CANDIDATE#3
SCENESIZE‐UP
Surveysscene 1
InitiatesBSIprecautions CPI
Introducesself 1
Askspermissiontohelp 1
PRIMARYASSESSMENT
AVPU 1
Airway:Assessesandmaintains CPI
Breathing:Assessesrespirations CPI
Circulation:Assessespulse CPI
Circulation:Assessandmanagebleeding CPI
StabilizesABCs 1
HISTORYANDEXAM
DeterminesmajorcomplaintandMOI CPI
ObtainsSAMPLE 1
Conductsafocusedexam 1
Callsforhelpandequipment CPI
SECONDARYSURVEY
Head‐ears,pupils 1
Neckandcervicalspine 1
Chest,ribs,abdomen 1
Shoulders,claviclesandupperarms 1
Pelvisandlowerextremities 1
Back(TthroughSspine) 1
Findsallinjuries 1
GENERALOBSERVATIONS
Correctlyprioritizesinterventions 1
Treatsforshock 1
Quicklydealswithsituation 1
Correctlyhandlespatientandinjury 1
Demonstratesskillcompetency 1
Communicateswithpatient 1
Directsotherscapably 1
Followsdirectionofleader 1 Performsongoingassessment 1 Candidate#1:‐=+
#CPIsperformedbycandidate Candidate#2:‐=+
#Othertasksperformedbycandidate Candidate#3:‐=+
Doescandidatedemonstratethenecessary
skillsrequiredofaCertifiedpatroller? Evaluator’ssignature:___________________________
Appendix4C(continued):CertifiedOECPracticalStationPerformance
Evaluation
EvaluationScenario:Unresponsive Candidate:_______________________ Date:_______________
PTS/CPI CANDIDATE#1ScenarioSpecificCPIs(Candidatemusthave
allboxescheckedinthissection)CANDIDATE#
1
SCENESIZE‐UP OECSKILLS
Surveysscene 1 *MaintainsC‐spinestabilization
InitiatesBSIprecautions CPI whilepositioningforInterventions
Introducesself 1
Askspermissiontohelp 1 *Insertsoral/nasopharyngeal
PRIMARYASSESSMENT airway
AVPU 1
Airway:Assessesandmaintains CPI *InitiatesCPRwithcompetency
Breathing:Assessesrespirations CPI
Circulation:Assessespulse CPI *UtilizesAEDwithcompetency
Circulation:Assessesandmanagesbleeding CPI
StabilizesABCs 1
HISTORYandEXAM
DeterminesmajorcomplaintandMOI CPI SCENEMANAGEMENTSKILLS
ObtainsSAMPLE 1 *Communicatesstatustodispatch
ConductsafocusedExam 1
Callsforhelpandequipment CPI *Manageswitnesscompetently
SECONDARYSURVEY
Head‐ears,pupils 1
Neckandcervicalspine 1
Chest,ribs,abdomen 1
Shoulders,claviclesandupperarms 1
Pelvisandlowerextremities 1
Back(TthroughSspine) 1
Findsallinjuries 1
GENERALOBSERVATIONS
Correctlyprioritizesinterventions 1
Treatsforshock 1
Quicklydealswithsituation 1
Correctlyhandlespatientandinjury 1
Demonstratesskillcompetency 1
Communicateswithpatient 1
Directsotherscapably 1
Followsdirectionofleader 1
Performsongoingassessment 1 DoescandidatedemonstratethenecessaryskillsrequiredofaCertifiedpatroller?
TOTALPOINTS36(minimumpassing29)
Candidate:FinalScore:‐=+
Evaluator’ssignature:___________________________
58
CANDIDATE#1:PASSFAILCANDIDATE#2:PASSFAILCANDIDATE#3:PASSFAIL
Appendix4C(continued):CertifiedOECPerformanceEvaluationTeamScenario#3
Candidate#1:_______________________ EVALUATOR:________________________Date:_____________
Candidate#2:_______________________Candidate#3:_______________________
+ABOVESTANDARD =MEETSSTANDARD CANDIDATE ScenarioSpecificCPIs CANDIDATE
=NODIRECTIMPACT/PARTICIPATON
‐BELOWSTANDARD #1 #2 #3 #1 #2 #3
SCENESIZE‐UP OECSKILLS SurveysScene *Correctlyprioritizescareof InitiatesBSIprecautions CPI injuries Introducesself *Controlsbleedingatcompound Askspermissiontohelp fracturesite PRIMARYASSESSMENT *Appliesappropriatebandageto AVPU compoundfracturesite Airway:Assessesandmaintains CPI *Selectsproperdeliverymethod Breathing:Assessesrespirations CPI forO2(deviceandflowrate) Circulation:Assessespulse CPI *ChecksCMSbeforesplinting
Circulation:Assessandmanagebleeding CPI ‐Tib/Fib
StabilizesABC's ‐Femur‐Humerus
HISTORYANDEXAM *Providesstabilizationfor DeterminesmajorcomplaintandMOI CPI ‐Tib/Fib ObtainsSAMPLE ‐Femur ConductsafocusedExam ‐Humerus Callsforhelpandequipment CPI *ChecksCMSsplinting SECONDARYSURVEY ‐Tib/Fib Head‐ears,pupils ‐Femur Neckandcervicalspine ‐Humerus Chest,ribs,abdomen *Correctlyremoveshelmet Shoulders,claviclesandupperarms *CorrectlyappliesC‐collarand Pelvisandlowerextremities backboard Back(TthroughSspine) *ChecksCMSaftersecuredto Findsallinjuries backboard GENERALOBSERVATIONS Correctlyprioritizesinterventions SCENEMANAGEMENTSKILLS Treatsforshock *ContactsmanagementforAIK
Interventionsconductedintimelymanner *Requestsappropriatetransport Correctlyhandlespatientandinjury Demonstratesskillcompetency Communicateswithpatient Directsotherscapably CPI Proactivelysupportsteamprocess CPI Performsongoingassessment
DoescandidatedemonstratethenecessaryskillsrequiredofaCertifiedpatroller?
Numberof+/=(minimumpass39) AnyCPIsmissed(minimumpass0)
59
Appendix4C(continued):CardiacArrestManagement/AEDPerformanceEvaluationStartTime:________StopTime:________ Date:__________Candidate’sName:_________________________Evaluator’sName:________________________ Points
PossiblePointsAwarded
ASSESSMENTTakes,orverbalizes,bodysubstanceisolationprecautions 1 Brieflyquestionstherescueraboutarrestevents 1 DirectsrescuertostopCPR 1 Verifiesabsenceofspontaneouspulse(skillstationexaminerstates"nopulse") 1 DirectsresumptionofCPR 1 Turnsondefibrillatorpower 1 Attachesautomateddefibrillatortothepatient 1 DirectsrescuertostopCPRandensuresallindividualsareclearofthepatient 1 Initiatesanalysisoftherhythm 1 Deliversshock(uptothreesuccessiveshocks) 1 Verifiesabsenceofspontaneouspulse(skillstationexaminerstates"nopulse") 1 TRANSITION DirectsresumptionofCPR 1 Gathersadditionalinformationaboutthearrestevent 1 ConfirmseffectivenessofCPR(ventilationandcompressions) 1 INTEGRATION Verbalizesordirectsinsertionofasimpleairwayadjunct(oral/nasalairway) 1 Ventilates,ordirectsventilationofthepatient 1 Assureshighconcentrationofoxygenisdeliveredtothepatient 1 AssuresCPRcontinueswithoutunnecessary/prolongedinterruption 1 Re‐evaluatespatient/CPRinapproximatelyoneminute 1 Repeatsdefibrillatorsequence 1 TRANSPORTATION Verbalizestransportationofthepatient 1
Total 21 CriticalCriteria__________Didnottake,orverbalize,BSI__________DidnotevaluatetheneedforimmediateuseofAED__________Didnotdirectinitiation/resumptionofventilation/compressionsatappropriatetimes__________Didnotassureallindividualswereclearofpatientbeforedeliveringeachshock__________DidnotoperatetheAEDproperly(inabilitytodelivershock)__________Preventedthedefibrillatorfromdeliveringindicatedstackedshocks
60
Appendix4C(continued):PatientAssesment/Management–TraumaPerformanceEvaluation
StartTime:________StopTime:________ Date:__________Candidate’sName:_________________________Evaluator’sName:________________________ Points
PossiblePoints
AwardedTakes,orverbalizes,bodysubstanceisolationprecautions 1 SCENESIZE‐UP 1 Determinesthesceneissafe 1 Determinesthemechanismofinjury 1 Determinesthenumberofpatients 1 Requestsadditionalhelpifnecessary 1 Considersstabilizationofspine 1 PRIMARYASSESSMENT 1 Verbalizesgeneralimpressionofthepatient 1 Determinesresponsiveness/levelofconsciousness 1 Determineschiefcomplaint/apparentlifethreats 1 Assessesairwayandbreathing
AssessmentInitiatesappropriateoxygentherapyAssuresadequateventilationInjurymanagement
1111
Assessescirculation
Assesses/controlsmajorbleedingAssessespulseAssessesskin(color,temperatureandconditions)
111
Identifiesprioritypatients/makestransportdecision 1 FOCUSEDHISTORYANDPHYSICALEXAMINATION/RAPIDTRAUMAASSESSMENT
Selectsappropriateassessment(focusedorrapidassessment) 1 Obtains,ordirectsassistancetoobtain,baselinevitalsigns 1 ObtainsSAMPLEhistory 1 SECONDARYEXAMINATION 1 Assessesthehead
InspectsandpalpatesthescalpandearsAssessestheeyesAssessesthefacialareasincludingoralandnasalareas
111
Assessestheneck
InspectsandpalpatestheneckAssessesforJVDAssessesfortrachealdeviation
111
Assessesthechest
InspectsPalpatesAuscultates
111
Assessestheabdomen/pelvis
AssessestheabdomenAssessesthepelvisVerbalizesassessmentofgenitalia/perineumasneeded
111
Assessestheextremities
1pointforeachextremityincludesinspection,palpation,andassessmentofmotor,sensoryandcirculatoryfunction
111
Assessestheposterior
AssessesthoraxAssesseslumbar
11
Managessecondaryinjuriesandwoundsappropriately1pointforappropriatemanagementofthesecondaryinjury/wound
11
Verbalizesre‐assessmentofthevitalsigns 1
Total: 40 CriticalCriteria__________Didnottake,orverbalize,BSI__________Didnotdeterminescenesafety__________Didnotassessforspinalprotection__________Didnotprovideforspinalprotectionwhenindicated__________Didnotprovidehighconcentrationofoxygen__________Didnotfind,ormanage,problemsassociatedwithairway,breathing,hemorrhageorshock(hypoperfusion)__________Didnotdifferentiatepatient'sneedfortransportationversuscontinuedassessmentatthescene__________Didotherdetailedphysicalexaminationbeforeassessingtheairway,breathingandcirculation__________Didnottransportpatientwithin10‐minutetimelimit
62
Appendix4C(continued):PatientAssessment/Management–MedicalPerformanceEvaluation
StartTime:________StopTime:________ Date:__________CandidatesName:_________________________Evaluator’sName:________________________
PointsPossible
PointsAwarded
Takes,orverbalizes,bodysubstanceisolationprecautions 1 SCENESIZE‐UP 1 Determinesthesceneissafe 1 Determinesthemechanismofinjury/natureofillness 1 Determinesthenumberofpatients 1 Requestsadditionalhelpifnecessary 1 Considersstabilizationofspine 1 PRIMARYASSESSMENT 1 Verbalizesgeneralimpressionofthepatient 1 Determinesresponsiveness/levelofconsciousness 1 Determineschiefcomplaint/apparentlifethreats 1 Assessesairwayandbreathing
AssessmentIndicatesappropriateoxygentherapyAssuresadequateventilation
111
Assessescirculation
Assesses/controlsmajorbleedingAssessespulseAssessesskin(color,temperatureandcondition)
111
Identifiesprioritypatients/makestransportdecisions 1 FOCUSEDHISTORYANDSECONDARYEXAMINATION/RAPIDASSESSMENT Signsandsymptoms(Assesshistoryofpresentillness) 1
Respiratory Cardiac AlteredMentalStatus
AllergicReaction
Poisoning/Overdose
EnvironmentalEmergency
Obstetrics Behavioral
*Onset?*Provokes?*Quality?*Radiates?*Severity?*Time?*Interventions?
*Onset?*Provokes?*Quality?*Radiates?*Severity?*Time?*Interventions?
*Descriptionoftheepisode*Onset?*Duration?*AssociatedSymptoms?*EvidenceofTrauma?*Interventions?*Seizures?*Fever?
*Substance?*Whendidyouingest/becomeexposed?*Howmuchdidyouingest?*Overwhattimeperiod?*Interventions?*Estimatedweight?
*Source?*Source?*Environment?*Environment?*Duration?*Duration?*Lossof*Lossofconsciousness?consciousness?*Effects‐general*Effects‐generalorlocal?orlocal?
*Areyoupregnant?*Howlonghaveyoubeenpregnant?*Painorcontractions?*Bleedingordischarge?*Doyoufeeltheneedtopush?*Lastmenstrualperiod?
*Howdoyoufeel?*Determinesuicidaltendencies*Isthepatientathreattoselforothers?*Isthereamedicalproblem?*Interventions?
Allergies 1 Medications 1 Pastpertinenthistory 1 Lastoralintake 1 Eventleadingtopresentillness(ruleouttrauma) 1 Performsfocusedphysicalexamination(assessesaffectedbodypart/systemor,ifindicated,completesrapidassessment)
1
Vitals(obtainsbaselinevitalsigns) 1 Interventions(obtainsmedicaldirectionorverbalizesstandingorderformedicationinterventionsandverbalizesproperadditionalintervention/treatment)
1
Transport(re‐evaluatesthetransportdecision) 1 Verbalizestheconsiderationforcompletingadetailedphysicalexamination 1 ONGOINGASSESSMENT(verbalized) 1 Repeatsinitialassessment 1 Repeatsvitalsigns 1 Repeatsfocusedassessmentregardingpatientcomplaintorinjuries 1
Total: 30 CriticalCriteria__________Didnottake,orverbalize,BSI__________Didnotdeterminescenesafety__________Didnotobtainmedicaldirectionorverbalizestandingordersformedicalinterventions__________Didnotprovidehighconcentrationofoxygen__________Didnotfind,ormanage,problemsassociatedwithairway,breathing,hemorrhageorshock(hypoperfusion)
63
__________Didnotdifferentiatepatient'sneedfortransportationversuscontinuedassessmentatthescene__________Diddetailedorfocusedhistory/physicalexaminationbeforeassessingtheairway,breathingandcirculation__________Didnotaskquestionsaboutthepresentillness__________Administeredadangerousorinappropriateintervention
64
Appendix4D:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationPerformanceEvaluation
Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=.Non‐passingscoreis‐.Thesescoreshavenonumericvalueandcannotbeaveraged.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.EVENTLOCATION_________________________________________DATE_____________________________________________________DIVISION_________________________________________________EXAMINER________________________________________________
LiftOperationsEvaluationCriteria
• Designandcodes• Liftcomponents• Auxiliarypowersources• Riskmanagementissues
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
EvacuationPlanningEvaluationCriteria
• Advancepreparation• Specificprocedures
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
ImplementationEvaluationCriteria
• Useofplan• Appropriateequipment• Ropehandling• Liftevacuation• Belaytechniques
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
PostEvacuationEvaluationCriteria
• Equipmentcare• Reports• Informationrelease• Critique
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationOVERALLSCORE
CandidateName:________________________
+=‐
+=‐
+=‐
65
Appendix4E:Alpine&TelemarkSkiing/BoardingPerformanceEvaluation
Crudskiing/boarding:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria
• Demonstratebalance,stability,andcontrol• Performlined,parallelturns• Demonstrateamoderate,safespeed
appropriateforabilitylevel
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
Groomedskiing/boarding:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria
• Demonstrateroundedturnshape• Demonstrateanefficientmixoflong,
medium,andshortradiusturns• Performparallelturns• Demonstrateconstant,controlledspeed• Demonstrateweighttransfertooutsideski• Demonstrateturncompletionduringcarved
turns• Keeptheupperbodymovingtowardthe
insideoftheturn• Demonstrateabalancedfluidstance• Demonstratestability• Demonstratefluidverticalmotion• Performturnsasconnectedarcswithout
traverses• Absorbmogulssmoothly(betweenturns)• Adapttochangingterrain
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
Mogulskiing/boarding:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria
• Performafall‐linedescentwithminimumtraverseandsideslipping
• Demonstrateaneffectivecombinationofturnsize,shape,andtechnique
• Demonstrateconsistent,controlledspeed• Demonstratetheeffectiveuseofedges• Makesuretheupperbodyfacesdownhill
duringfall‐lineturns• Demonstratebalanceandstability• Skiwithlowerbodyinalmostcontinuous
motionwhileupperbodyremainsrelativelyquiet
• Demonstrateappropriateindependentandsimultaneouslegaction
• Useedgeandpressuretocompleteturns• Performcontrolleddirectionchanges• Adapttoterrainchanges
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
66
Appendix4E(continued):SkiingPerformanceEvaluation
Skillemphasisforlocalconditions:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria
• Demonstratebalance,stabilityandcontrol
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
SkiingoverallScoreCandidateName:___________________________NumericalEquivalents(DivisionOption)Plus100,95,90Equal85,80Minus75,70,65,60,55
+=‐
+=‐ +=‐
Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=,non‐passingscoreis‐ornumericscoresasabove.Mixedscoringmaynotbeused.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)or(80orhigher)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.
EVENTLOCATION_________________________________________DATE_____________________________________________________DIVISION_________________________________________________EXAMINER________________________________________________
67
Appendix4F:TobogganPerformanceEvaluation
Unloadedtobogganskills:MostdifficultmogulterrainEvaluationCriteria
• Selectappropriateroute• Operateatefficient,safeand
controlledspeedthatisappropriatetoterrainandskiertraffic,yetreachaccidentsitequickly
• Performsmooth,parallelturnsasneeded
• Maintainproperbodyposition• Performtransitions• Performsideslips• Ensureminimalbouncingor
slippingoftoboggan• Performemergencystop• DemonstrateatleastoneRecovery
technique• Demonstratestaticbelay
techniques
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
+=‐Comments:
68
Appendix4F(continued):TobogganPerformanceEvaluation
Loadedtobogganfrontoperator:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria
• Selectappropriateroute• Controlspeed,skisafelyand
expediently• Provideasmooth,safeand
comfortablerideforpatient• Skiinbalanceandstableposition• Controldescentwithwedgeor
sideslip• Controldirectionwithturnsand
fallingleaf• Brakethetobogganasneeded• Communicateasnecessarywith
patientandtailropeoperator• Performeffectivewedge,sideslip,
andtransitionswithstabilityandcontrol
• Avoidslippingduringtraverses
+=‐Comments
+=‐Comments
+=‐Comments
69
Appendix4F(continued):TobogganPerformanceEvaluation
Loadedtobogganfrontoperator:Moretomostdifficultterrain,inmogulsandonsmoothslopesEvaluationCriteria
• Selectappropriateroute• Controlspeed,skisafelyand
expediently• Provideasmooth,safeand
comfortablerideforpatient• Skiinbalanceandstable
position• Controldescentwithwedge
orsideslip• Controldirectionwithturns
andfallingleaf• Brakethetobogganas
needed• Communicateasnecessary
withpatientandtailropeoperator
• Performeffectivewedge,sideslip,andtransitionswithstabilityandcontrol
• Avoidslippingduringtraverses
NumericalEquivalents(DivisionOption)Plus100,95,90Equal85,80Minus75,70,65,60,55
+=‐Comments
+=‐Comments
+=‐Comments
TOBOGGANOVERALLCandidateName:____________________
+=‐ +=‐ +=‐
70
Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=,non‐passingscoreis‐ornumericscoresasabove.Mixedscoringmaynotbeused.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)or(80orhigher)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.
EVENTLOCATION__________________________________________DATE______________________________________________________DIVISION___________________________________________________EXAMINER_________________________________________________