![Page 1: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research
Gibson Barbee, P.E.Sr. Energy EngineerJune 22, 2015
![Page 2: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive Research NS Background / NS Locomotive Fleet Locomotive Emissions Federal
Requirements Locomotive Basics – In Series Hybrid
NS 5052 – Compressed Natural Gas NS 999, Battery Electric Design
NS 999, Initial 2009 Challenges, Improvements NS 999 Battery Limits / Cycle Testing / Modeling
![Page 3: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Norfolk Southern System
![Page 4: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Locomotive Fleet3700 Units2350 Road-Intercity Freight1350 Yard and Local Service
Two Primary Builders GE and EMD Road Fleet
EMD, 26.8%
GE, 73.2%
EMD GE
![Page 5: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NOx(g/bhp‐hr)
PM(g/bhp‐hr)
1.5
4.5
3.0
7.5
9.0
6.0
12.0
10.5
15.0
13.5
0.25 0.50
Tier 0 (14.0, 0.72)
Tier 0+ (11.8, 0.26)Tier 1 (11.0, 0.54)
Tier 1+ (11.0, 0.26)
Tier 2+ (8.1, 0.13)
Tier 3 (5.0, 0.10)
0.75
Locomotive Emissions Standards – Switcher
Tier 4 (1.3, 0.03)
EPA Standards(g/bhp‐hr) NOx P0.2M
Tier 0 (1973‐2001) 14.0 0.72
Tier 0+ (1973‐2001) 11.8 0.26
Tier 1 (2002‐2004) 11.0 0.54
Tier 1+ (2002‐2004) 11.0 0.26
Tier 2 (2005 andlater) 8.1 0.24
Tier 2+ (2005‐2010) 8.1 0.13
Tier 3 (2011‐2014) 5.0 0.10
Tier 4 (2015 and later) 1.3 0.03
GenSet 2.9 0.15
0.00.3750.125 0.625
Tier 2 (8.1, 0.24)
GenSet
![Page 6: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Diesel-Electric LocomotivesDiesel-Electric Power Generation
![Page 7: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Engine Coupled to GeneratorEngine
Generator
![Page 8: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
NS is Investigating Compressed Natural Gas North American Shale Gas
Cost Competitive, Reduced Emissions? Installing Energy Conversions Inc kit on an
EMD GP 38-2, 645 Engine Natural Gas Slug
![Page 9: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NS 5053 Assembly
April 27, 2015 NS 5053 Initial Startup
Four Stage CompressorGas Injection to Cylinder
799 CNG Storage Slug
Monitoring Cylinder Exhaust Temperature
![Page 10: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Green Goat BMEX 259 TestingGenset
Electric Locomotive Research Multiengine
Configurations BMEX 259 - Brookville
Regenerative Braking NS 999, Hydrogen Fuel
Cell
![Page 11: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
NS 999 Zero Point Source Emission Locomotive Battery Configuration (54 Batteries in Series
‘Strings’, 16 Multiple Strings in Parallel) Initial NS 999 - Several Design Issues
Poor Battery Management Difficult to Maintain Packaging
NS 999 Data – Battery Management Challenges Capacity Heating
![Page 12: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2009 Battery Management System Desired BMS Functionality
• Equalize Long Strings of Batteries Like State of Charge (SOC)
• Monitor for Fault Conditions• Isolate Battery Strings (If needed)
Failure to Maintain Uniform State of Charge (SOC) =• Reduced Power Output• Shortened Battery Life• Potential Risk of Fire (Overcharging)
I
BMS not adequately charging batteries 1, 7, or 13 location (Unequal load on strings).
![Page 13: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Gen 2.0 Battery Management System Simple Charge
Discharge Profile Channels:
54 Terminal Voltages 18 Temperature
Channels Current
Very Low Variation 0.03V Range, Minimal Temperature Change
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x 104
11
12
13
14
X: 1.212e+04Y: 12.56
April 30, 2015
Volts
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 105
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Am
p
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x 104
0
10
20
30
Tem
p C
![Page 14: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Battery Management System (TMV Gen 2) Customized ISO Container (Battery Storage) Advanced Lead Carbon Batteries (Axion PbC®) Removable IntraPack Battery Trays Individual Battery String Control (IGBTs) RCL / OBN / Dashboard (Remote Monitoring) 480VAC Wayside Charging Station(s)
NS 999 All Electric Switcher LocomotiveGen 2.0 - Juniata Locomotive Shop
![Page 15: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Battery Testing & Modeling• Battery Test Program
HLS (Roanoke, VA) Penn State University (PTI Labs)
• Evaluating Alt. Battery Technologies Charge Acceptance Thermal Characteristics Cycle Life
• MATLAB Energy Modeling Over-the-Road Load Profiles Evaluate Hybrid Locomotive Configuration(s) Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing
Hybrid Locomotive Simulator (HLS)
Penn State: PTI Laboratory
![Page 16: NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research...NS 999 Electric / Hybrid Locomotive Research Gibson Barbee, P.E. Sr. Energy Engineer June 22, 2015 Outline NS Low Emissions Locomotive](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042204/5ea5c36879b2cc3150389c03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
R. S. Runyon, P.E.
Special Thanks to…
Questions?