![Page 1: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Focus Questions:What factors influence earth’s climate?How does climate determine where the earth’s major biomes are found?What are the major types of desert biomes?What are the major types of grassland biomes?What are the major types of forest and mountain biomes?How have human activities affected, the world’s desert, grassland, forest, and mountain biomes?
![Page 2: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Case StudyBlowing in the Wind: A Story of Connections
WindVital part of planet’s circulatory system
Distributes heat Transports heat (P and Fe in dust)
Bad NewsDust storms in Sahara increased 5 to 10-fold since 1950.
Climate change and overgrazing
![Page 3: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SUV connectionTransports viruses, bacteria, fungi, and particles of long-lived pesticides and toxic metals.
More bad newsSome agents (perhaps fungi) may be killing corals, FL Keys and CaribbeanIncrease in asthma in Caribbean since 1973Fe rich dust may trigger harmful algal blooms, FLPollution and dust form China and C. Asia blows across Pacific Ocean reduce air quality in W US
![Page 4: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mixed NewsParticles from volcanic eruptions decrease global temp.Add trace elements to soil.
Familiar LessonNo awayEverything is connected
Wind: circulates heat, moisture, plant nutrients, long-lived air pollutants, and soil particlesGlobal air circulation patterns influence climate; climate influences plants and animals found in biomes.
![Page 5: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
I. Climate: A Brief Introduction
Weather – temp., precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and physical conditions over hours or days (see Suppl. 10).Climate – region’s general weather patterns over a long period of time.
Average temperature and precipitationLatitude and elevation
![Page 6: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Earth’s Major Climate Zones (Fig. 5-2)
Back to Ocean Currents
![Page 7: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing Heat
Factors that contribute to local climate: Amount of solar radiation Motion of the earth – rotation and revolution Air circulation patterns Distribution of land masses and seas Ocean currents Elevation of land masses
![Page 8: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Four factors that determine global circulation patterns.
Uneven heating of the earth’s surface Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation (
Fig. 5-3) Rotation of earth on its axis
• Coriolis effect (animation)• Cells – air movement in huge regions (Fig. 5-4)
– Prevailing winds
Coriolis Web Animation http://www.wiley.com/college/strahler/0471480533/animations/ch07_animations/animation2.html
![Page 9: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Properties of air, water, and land• Cyclical convection cells circulate air, heat, and moisture
vertically (Fig. 5-5).– Six giant cells, 3 in N hemisphere and 3 in S (Fig. 5-6)– Leads to irregular distribution of climate patterns and
vegetation (or biomes).
![Page 10: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and NutrientsOcean currents affect climate of regions (Fig. 5-2)Ocean absorbs heat, bulk near equator
Temperature differences influence vertical movements Temperature and winds influence horizontal movements.
Distributes heatDistributes nutrients – upwellings (see Fig. 5-2 and Suppl. 10)Mix Water
Nutrients Oxygen
![Page 11: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Atmospheric Gases and Climate: The Natural Greenhouse Effect
Certain gases regulate earth’s average temp. CO2, CH4, H2O, and N2O
Greenhouse gases cause greenhouse effect (Fig. 5-7).Human activities increasing greenhouse effect
Evidence and climate models indicate anthropogenic climate change.• Alter precipitation• Shift areas where crops can grow• Raise sea levels• Change where plants and animals live (or cause extinctions)
![Page 12: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Topography and Local Climate: Land MattersLarge bodies of water moderate climate of nearby lands
Sea breezes
Rainshadow effect (Fig. 5-8)Monsoons – heavy rains experienced by land masses lying north and south of warm oceans.
Alternating wet and dry seasons Heating of land low pressure draws moisture from warm ocean
Microclimates of cities – warmer than surrounding countryside. Haze, smog, higher temp, lower wind speed
![Page 13: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
II. Biomes: Climate and Life on Land
Why Do Different Organisms Live in Different Places?
Difference in climate different organisms, esp. plants.Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.
Locations of biomes have shifted solar output, emissions from volcanic eruptions, and continental drift.
• 5000 y.a. Sahara Desert was a fertile grassland• 15000 y.a. arid American SW was rainy and had many lakes.
Compare biomes locations w/ regional climates (Fig. 5-9 and 5-2).
Biomes at the 39th parallel in NA (Fig. 3-9, p. 56)
![Page 14: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Influence of humans?Major factors that determine type of biome (Fig. 3-10):
Average annual precipitation Average annual temperature Soil type
Biomes are not uniform Communities vary, but have unique attributes Patchiness resources not uniformly distributed and humans
remove or alter vegetation.Climate and vegetation vary similarly with latitude and elevation (Fig. 5-11).
![Page 15: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
III. Desert Biomes
Deserts: Tropical, Temperate, and Polar.General Attributes
Evaporation exceeds precipitation; annual precipitation is low and scattered unevenly throughout year.
Cover 30% of land surface, mostly subtropical and tropical regions.
Largest in interior of continents, other local due to rainshadow effect.
Little water in atmosphere, vegetation, and ground broad temperature swings between night and daytime.
![Page 16: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Low rainfall and different average temperatures determine type:
Tropical desert (Fig. 5-12a) – like Sahara and Namib of Africa
• Hot and dry most of year• Few plants• Hard wind blown surface w/ rock and sand.
Temperate desert (Fig. 5-12b) – like Mojave and Chihuahuan in American SW.
• Daytime temperatures in summer are high and low in winter.• More precipitation than in tropical deserts• Sparse vegetation, mostly shrubs, cacti, and succulent adapted
to low water availability and temperature variation.
![Page 17: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Polar Desert (Fig. 5-12c) – Gobi in China• Winters, cold; summers warm or hot• Precipitation is low
How do desert plants and animals survive?General strategies
Adaptive strategies to reduce thermal stress Conserve water
Desert plants Drop leaves, as in mesquite and creosote Succulent plants
• No or reduced leaves• Store water and synthesize food in fleshy tissue• Open stomata only at night• Spines guard from being eaten by herbivores
![Page 18: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Deep taproots as in mesquite Widely spread, shallow roots to collect water when available. Evergreens have waxy cuticle Annuals, grasses and wildflowers store much biomass as
dormant seed for next rainfall.Desert Animals
Small, nocturnal (hiding in burrows or rocky crevices during day).
Aestivation Concentrate urine Thick cuticles in insects and reptiles Water in food and metabolic water Drink dew droplets that accumulate an night
![Page 19: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Desert ecosystems are fragile (Fig. 5-13). Soils take a long time to recover. Why?
• Slow plant growth• Low species diversity• Slow nutrient cycling• Lack of water
![Page 20: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
IV. Grasslands and Chaparral Biomes
Types of GrasslandsGrasslands, or prairies, occur mostly in the interiors of continents too moist for deserts and too dry for forests.Reason for occurrence
Seasonal drought Grazing by large herbivores Occasional fires
Three types of grasslands: tropical, temperate, and polar (tundra)
Results form combinations of low precipitation and various average temperatures
![Page 21: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tropical Grasslands: Savannas (Fig. 5-14a)Savanna – tropical grassland w/ scattered clumped trees such as acacia.
Usu. Warm year-round w/ alternating wet and dry seasons (graph).
Lightning and heavy grazing inhibit growth of trees and shrubs.
It’s the birthplace of mankind In dry locations of Africa, Australia, India, and S.A.
![Page 22: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fauna Farsighted, swift, and stealthy
• Examples: East Africa’s grazers and browsers (gazelles, zebras, giraffes, and antelope) and their predators (lions, hyenas, and humans).
Large herds migrate to find food and water. Large herbivores have evolved specialized diets to minimize
competition.• Giraffes eat leaves and shoots from tree tops.• Elephants eat leaves and branches from lower tree parts.• Wildebeests prefer short grass.• Zebra graze on longer grasses and stems.
![Page 23: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Flora adapted to survive drought and extreme heat and cold.
Deep roots that can tap into ground water.
Savannas in Africa have rapidly growing human populations
Rapid conversion to rangeland for cattle Overgrazing by domesticated grazers and use of trees for
firewood savanna to desert.
![Page 24: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Temperate Grasslands: Fertile Soils (Fig. 5-15)Once covered vast expanses of plains and gently rolling hills in the interiors of NA, SA, Europe, and Asia (Fig. 5-14b).
NA prairies Steppes of Eurasia Pampas of SA
Winters, bitterly cold; summers, hot and dry; precipitation is fairly sparse (graph).Drought and occasional fires inhibit growth of trees and bushes, except along rivers and streams.
![Page 25: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Above ground grass shoots die producing fertile soils.Top soil is held in place by thick network of intertwined roots.
What effect does plowing have? Native grasses, adapted to fires.
Temperate grasslands once covered large areas of earth.
Fertile soil used for crops (Fig. 5-16), cattle, and suburban- and urbanization.
![Page 26: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Polar Grasslands: Arctic TundraMost of year, treeless plains are bitterly cold, swept by frigid winds, and covered with ice and snow.Precipitation is scant and mostly in form of snow.
Sometimes referred to as polar desert (Fig. 5-14c).
Flora Thick spongy mat of low-growing plants
• Grasses• Moses• Lichens• Dwarf shrubs
Most growth occurs during 6-8 wk summer (Fig. 5-17).
![Page 27: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Permafrost – underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than two consecutive.
During brief summer the permafrost layer keeps the melted snow and ice from soaking into the ground.
• Waterlogged tundra forms large number of shallow lakes, marshes, bogs, ponds, and seasonal wetlands.
• Abundant “sqeeters” and other insects serve as food for migrating birds.
Fauna Adaptations such as thick fur (wolf, arctic fox, musk oxen),
feathers (snowy owl), and arctic lemmings.
![Page 28: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Global warming melting permafrost release of CH4 from soil.Fragile because of short growing season long time for tundra soil to recover.
Oil drilling, pipelines, mines, and military bases leave scars that persist for centuries.
Alpine tundra – occur between snowline and treeline. Vegetation similar, but more sunlight and no permafrost. During brief summer alpine tundra can be covered w/
wildflowers.
![Page 29: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Temperate Shrublands: Chaparral (Fig. 5-18)Coastal areas on land that borders deserts longer winter rainy season than nearby desert.
Fogs during spring and fall reduce evaporation.
Geography: S. CA, USA; Mediterranean; C Chile; S Australia; and SW AfricaFlora
Dense growth Low-growing evergreen shrubs and occasional small trees w/ leathery
leaves (reduces evaporation)
![Page 30: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fauna Mule deer Chipmunks Jackrabbits Lizards Various birds
Long, warm and dry summer highly flammable veg. Fire resistant root and seed that need to be heated to germinate.
Big ecological footprint – folks like homes in nice climate Mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers Fires and mudslides make these areas a risky place to live.
![Page 31: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
V. Forest Biomes
Forest biomesModerate to high precipitationTrees, shrubs, and herbsThree types result from combinations of amount of precipitation and average temperatures.
Tropical forests Temperate forests Polar (or boreal) forests
![Page 32: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tropical Rainforests: Threatened Centers of Biodiversity with Poor Soils (Fig. 5-20)
Description Near equator Uniformly warm temperatures year-round (Fig. 5-19a) High humidity Heavy rainfall almost daily High biodiversity
![Page 33: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Biota 2% of the earth’s surface, but an estimated half of the planet’s terrestrial
species. Dominated by lush broadleaf evergreen plants No single tree dominates Trees huge w/ shallow roots and wide bases (buttresses) Tree tops form a dense canopy Low light intensity on forest floor. Ground level w/ little vegetation, but those plants found on bottom have
enormous leaves Vines reach tree tops and form bridges between trees Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches (Fig. 5-21) Much of the animal life including insects, bats, and birds live in the sunny
canopy layer abundant shelter, leaves, flowers and fruits
![Page 34: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ecosystem Dynamics High NPP Little wind so plants rely on pollinators and seed
dispersion by animals Decomposition of dead organic matter is rapid Nutrients rapidly taken up and stored in plants low
nutrients in soil
![Page 35: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conservation At least 40% of rainforests have been cleared for logging,
crops, grazing, and mineral extraction.• Rate is increasing• Reduces biodiversity and accelerates global warming
Clear for crop or grazing results in:• Only a year or two of crops• Few nutrients in soil, leached during heavy rains.• Areas become shrublands
![Page 36: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Tropical Dry Forests Warm temperatures and wet and dry season Trees height lower and canopies less dense Much have been cleared for grazing and growing cops Heavy rains cause severe erosion few years of
productivity, then land is abandoned.
![Page 37: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Temperate Deciduous Forest: Changing with the Seasons (Fig. 5-22)
Description Moderate average temperatures, change significantly w/
season. Long, warm summers; cold but not too severe winters Abundant precipitation spread evenly throughout year (Fig. 5-
19b) Dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees, drop leaves in fall
and become dormant over winter; grow ‘em back in spring
![Page 38: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Biota Broadleaf deciduous trees – oak, hickory, maple, poplar,
and beech. Fewer species than tropical rain forests, but richer ground
layer diversity Once home for large predators such as bears, wolves,
foxes, wildcats, and mountain lions. Dominants mammals: white-tailed deer, squirrels, rabbits,
opossums, raccoons and rodents. Warblers, robins and other birds migrate to these forests
during summer for the breeding season
![Page 39: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Ecosystem Dynamics Slower decomposition produces a storehouse of nutrients
in leaf litter. Production occurs in warmer months when photoperiod is
longer.
![Page 40: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Conservation Large predators have been killed or displaced because of
habitat destruction. Many migratory birds are declining because of habitat
fragmentation and destruction These forests once covered eastern half of the US and
western Europe• This biome has been disturbed by humans more than any other• Agriculture, industrialization and urbanization
![Page 41: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Evergreen Coniferous Forests: Cold Winters, Wet Summers, and Conifers (Fig. 5-23)
Description Also called boreal forests pf taigas Just south of arctic tundra Subarctic: Winters are long, dry and extremely cold with six to
eight hours of daylight; summers are short, cool to warm and up to 19 hours of photoperiod (Fig. 5-19c).
Plant diversity low
![Page 42: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Biota Spruce, fir, cedar, hemlock, and pine that keep some of
their narrow-pointed (needles) leaves year-round• Needle-shaped, waxy-coated leaved withstand intense cold and
drought of winter when snow blankets ground. Bears, wolves, moose, lynx, and burrowing rodents Warblers and other insectivorous birds migrate there form
tropics to feed on hordes of flies, mosquitoes, and caterpillars
![Page 43: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ecosystem Dynamics Keeping needles allows advantage during brief summers,
no time needed to grow new leaves. Decomposition is slow because of low temp and high soil
acidity lead to deep layer of leaf litter and needles. During brief summer, soil becomes waterlog forming
acidic bogs, or muskegs
Southern Pine Forests Regions of moderate climates Economically important
![Page 44: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Conservation Tar sands being exploited in Canadian boreal forests In southern pine forests, forests grow rapidly, cleared for
wood and converted to pine plantations reduces plant and animal diversity.
![Page 45: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Temperate Rain Forests: Biodiversity Near Some Coastal Areas (Fig. 5-24)
Also called coastal coniferous forestsScattered in coastal temperate areas w/ ample rainfall or moisture from dense ocean fogs.Ocean moderates temp winters mild, summers coolDense stands of large conifers (Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, and redwoods) once dominated undisturbed areas of along west coast of NA from n. CA to CanadaLittle light reaches forest floorGround level frequently covered w/ mosses and ferns
![Page 46: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
VI. Mountain Biomes
Mountains: Islands in the SkyCover about ¼ of the lands surfaceDramatic changes in altitude, climate, soil, and vegetation over a short distance (Fig. 5-25)Steep slopeIslands of biodiversity surrounded by lower-elevation landscapes transformed by human activities.Contain the majority of world’s forestsRegulate earth’s climate
75% of world’s freshwater stored in glaciers Mountain tops reflect solar radiation
![Page 47: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Biota Many species are endemic
Ecosystem dynamics Critical role in hydrologic cycle
Conservation Prone to erosion when veg. holding soil is removed by natural disturbances
(landslides and avalanches) or human activities (timber cutting and agriculture).
Serve as sanctuaries for animals driven from lowland areas. Fate of mountain ecosystems has not been a high priority despite coming
under increasing pressure from human activities.
![Page 48: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
VII. Human Impacts on Terrestrial Biomes
Increasing Human Disturbance10-55% of NPP is used, wasted, or destroyed.Important lesson: NPP ultimately limits the number of consumers (including humans) that earth can support.60% of world’s major terrestrial ecosystems are being degraded or used unsustainably.
Destruction and degradation is increasing
A Survey of Our Harmful Ecological ImpactsHumans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s terrestrial biomes (Figs. 5-26, 5-27, 5-28, and 5-29).
![Page 49: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Seasonal Changes in Temp
Back
![Page 50: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Prevailing Winds
Back
![Page 51: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Convection Cell
Back
![Page 52: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Convection Cells in Relation to Biomes
Back
![Page 53: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Greenhouse Effect
Back
![Page 54: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Rainshadow
Back
![Page 55: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Fig 5-9
Fig 5-2
Back
![Page 56: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Biomes in NA, 39th Parallel (Fig. 3-9)
Back
![Page 57: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Fig. 3-10
Back
![Page 58: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Fig. 5-11
Back
![Page 59: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Tropical Desert (Fig. 5-12a)
Back
![Page 60: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Temperate Desert (Fig. 5-12b)
Back
![Page 61: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Polar Desert (Fig.5-12c)
Back
![Page 62: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
North American Desert Biome (Fig. 5-13)
Back
![Page 63: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Tropical Savanna (Fig. 5-14)
Back
![Page 64: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Temperate Grassland (Fig. 5-14b)
Back
![Page 65: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Temperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem (Fig. 5-15)
Back
![Page 66: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Crops Replace Grasslands (Fig. 5-16)
Back
![Page 67: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Polar Grassland, or Artic Tundra (Fig. 5-14c)
Back
![Page 68: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Arctic Tundra (Fig. 5-17)
Back
![Page 69: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Chaparral Vegetation (Fig. 5-18)
Back
![Page 70: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem (Fig. 5-20)
Back
![Page 71: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Tropical Rain Forest Climate Graph (Fig. 5-19a)
Back
![Page 72: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Stratification in a Tropical Rain Forest (Fig. 5-21)
Back
![Page 73: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Temperate Deciduous Forest (Fig. 5-22)
Back
![Page 74: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Temperate Deciduous Forest Climate Graph (Fig. 5-19b)
Back
![Page 75: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Evergreen Coniferous Forests (Fig. 5-23)
Back
![Page 76: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Evergreen Coniferous Forest Climate Graph (Fig. 5-19c)
Back
![Page 77: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Temperate Rain Forest (Fig. 5-24)
Back
![Page 78: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Mount Rainier National Park (Fig. 5-25)
Back
![Page 79: Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Focus Questions: What factors influence earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d0f5503460f949e50fd/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)