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} {
The demonstrative pronouns (for near):
Demonstrative Pronouns
: This is (for masculine singular)
. .....
.... ..
The , demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English that, this
and they are of two types; for things which are close, and for things at
a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different form
for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender of the
noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also feminine,
however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.
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: :
::
The demonstrative pronouns (for far):
:: : :
:
:Examples
:
These are (for dual masculine)
These are (for dual feminine)
These are (for plural masculine or feminine)
This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational) for things which are
near
for things which
are far
That is (for masculine singular)
That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)
Those are (for dual masculine)
Those are (for dual feminine)
Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)
(-)((-
This isa man This isa book
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)
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:
:
(-)(-)
This isa woman This isa car
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)
( -( ) -)
These are scholars These arepens
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)
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:
:
(-) (-)
These are Muslims These areMuslims
(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-rational)
.: . .is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For
example:
Thesewords
.. (-( )-)
These are Muslims These arecows
(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)
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:
:
(- )(-)
That isengineer That isa star
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)
(-( )-)
That isa nurse That isa fridge
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)
) ({ } .
is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the
revelation, (thosemessengers)but this is rare.
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:
:
( -( ) -)
Those are farmers Those arenotebooks
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)
(-( )-)
Those are teachers Those arerulers
(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)
(-( ) -)
Those are Muslims Those areMuslims
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:
} {Possessed and possessor
To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This
consists of two parts. The possessed , which appears first and
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:
Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed
: (With alif and laam)
Examples
The teachers
bookHaamids book
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} {Adjective and qualifying noun
:
..
Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun
(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)
Example
A new house The new house
The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English itcomes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the and thenoun it qualifies is referred to as the (the qualifying noun). Thefollows the in its gender (masculine and feminine), in itsdefinite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.
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{ {The Vocative particle
and the Addressed
:
To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle ,which is , equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it iscalled the (the addressed), and it takes a single dammaregardless of gender.
Oh Yaasir!
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} {The Genitive prepositions
(
TheVocative
Particle
The
Addressed
......
Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal
ending of a noun is damma, and the case of it is called (Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer(Nominative) instead it becomes (Genitive).
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The Genitive prepositions are:
:: : :
::
Examples:
:
:
:
:
For (used for belonging)
In
On
From
To
By/at
The watch is on the desk
Zaynab is from Japan.
This book is for Muhammad
The teacher is in the class..
.
.
.
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:
:
} {
:
Haamid went to the masjid
I am a student at the university
The hospital
.
A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an aa sound ending. The ending
vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in
function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition
(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain
unaffected.
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:
. ..
{ }The Relative pronouns
America
Musa
Zakariyya
Germany
The end case of the noun
does not change
for Musa to America in the hospital
...... .
.
The Relative pronouns, have the meaning of which, who,
and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also
differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the
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The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):
.
Example:
: Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational)
: Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculineand feminine irrational)
: Who (for plural feminine rational only)
: Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)
Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational):
Who (for plural masculine rational only):
. The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.
For masculine
For feminine
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:
:
:
. The book, whichis on the desk, belongs to the teacher.
For masculine singular irrational
) . .)
. The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.For masculine dual rational
.) .
)
The pens, which are in my bag, are old.
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:
:
. The engineers who left the restaurant are fromTurkey.
For masculine plural rational
(..)
. The woman who went to the school is aheadmistress
For feminine singular rational
.) . )
. The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.
For feminine singular irrational
) . . )
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:
. The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the
farmer.
For masculine plural irrational
( . . )
.
The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to
the minister.
For feminine dual irrational
) . . )
.The students, who left from the school, are from
England.
For feminine dual rational
. .) )
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:
:
.
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.
For feminine plural rational
( . . )
.
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.
For feminine plural rational
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} {
The laam of definiteness
:Example
This house This is a house
A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as
indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a
noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is A. In
Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here
is called the ,laam of definiteness.
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..
} {The detached pronouns
They are:
(The laam of definiteness)
:For first person (masculine or feminine)
...... ......
Pronouns are of two main categories: , the detachedpronouns and ,the attached pronouns. The pronounsin this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the
meaning he she they etc and even it. They are divided into 3 types:
for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these
categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns
in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.
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We:I:
You (plural)
:(dual)You
:(singular)You
:
We are students
( )
. I am a student
()
. You are students
() For masculine dual
You are a student
() For masculine singular
. You are students
() For masculine plural
: For Second person (masculine)
: For second person (feminine)
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You (plural): (dual)You:You (singular):
They (plural):(dual)They:He (singular):
You are students
( ) For feminine dual
You are a student
( ) For feminine singular
You are students
( ) For feminine plural
For third person (masculine):
They are students
() For masculine dual
He is a student
() For masculine singular
.
They arestudents()
For masculine plural
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They (plural):(dual)They:He (singular):
{ }The attached pronouns
For third person (feminine):
They are students
() For feminine dual
She is a student
() For feminine singular
They arestudents
() For feminine plural
............
As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached
Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is
that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are dividedinto 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and
within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again
have a different form for dual and plural.
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:
:
Our book
(). Masculine and feminine
plural and dual
My book
(. ) Masculine and feminine
singular
Your book
(. ) Masculine and feminine
dual
Your book
( .) Masculine singular
Your book
(.) Masculine plural
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:
:
Your book
(. ) For masculine and
feminine dual
Your book
(.) For feminine singular
Your book
( .) For feminine plural
Their book
(.) For masculine dual
His book
( .) For masculine singular
Their book
.() For masculine plural
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:
{} The kam of interrogation
and its specification
: Example
Their book
(. ) For masculine and
Feminine dual
Her book
(.) For feminine singular
. Their book
( .) For feminine plural
How many wheels
belong to the bike?
How many pens do
you have?
Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives
the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez
(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative
case). Please look at the example below.
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. .
Verbs
}
}
The taa of feminine form
The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.
It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends withthe taa marboota (a closed taa)
The kam of
Interrogation
Its
specification
Its
specification
The kam of
Interrogation
Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up
of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past
tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the
examples below). The is used to conjugate a verb to make it
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:
. .
} {The noon of women form
:
The mother left thehouse
The student sat in theclassroom
Example
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. .
{ } The waw of group form
:
. .
} {The number and the enumerated
( )From 3 to 10
The (female pl.)nurses left the
hospital
The women (pl.) wentto the masjid
The pilgrims (male pl.) returned from
Mecca
The men (pl.) went tothe school
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:
.
. . When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and
when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like
what is clear in the two examples (above).
3 Female students 3 Male students
The enumerated
(Feminine - )The enumerated
(Masculine - )
.
The number The number
In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the (the number)and the (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, iscalled and the number is called the. Unlike in English, Arabic numberscan be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the is feminine the is masculine and if the is masculine the isfeminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the
mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.
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..
Five students Four students Three students
.
Eight students Seven students
Six students
Ten students Nine students
For the masculine enumerated
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Five students Four students Three students
Eight students Seven students
Six students
Ten students Nine students
For the feminine enumerated
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} {The Diptotes
. ()(.)
The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra
:
:
.
To Zaynab
In the schools
From London
The following examples are from the diptotes:
The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take aTanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan , fathataan and
kasrataan . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a
sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is
substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)
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:
:
:
:
A feminine proper noun designated for themasculine
( )
.. . . Talha Muaawiya Usaama Hamza
Feminine proper nouns
( )
. . . . .
Jeddah Mecca Aaishah Faatima Zaynab
Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the
scale of falaan
( )
The foreign proper nouns
()
. . . .
Marwaan Sufyaan Affaan Uthmaan
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:
:
:
Yuusuf Paris London Edward William
The proper nouns on the scale of afalu
( )
. . . . .
better greater blue yellow red black white
Adjective and colour on the scale of afalu
( )
Anwar Ahmad
Adjective on the scale of falaan
( )
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:
:
:
.
full thirsty hungary lazy
doctors strongones truthful ones rich ones
pl. pl. pl. pl.
on the scale of afilaau
( )
scholars colleagues ministers poor ones
pl. pl. pl. pl.
On the scale of fualaau
( )
on the scale of mafaailu
( )
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:
. . .
.
minutes doctors hotels schools mosques
chairs cups keys handkerchiefs
on the scale of mafaaeelu
( )