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North Carolina State BuildingsEfficiency ConferenceEfficiency ConferenceBuilding Envelope
Sponsored by:
State Energy Office and State Construction OfficeState Energy Office and State Construction OfficeNC Department of AdministrationConducted by:
Robert PowellJeff Tiller PE Robert PowellNorth Carolina A&TArchitectural [email protected]
Jeff Tiller, PEAppalachian State UniversityDept. of Technology & Energy Center
NC State Construction Office
Boone, [email protected]
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Question for Today
Given the mandates of Senate Bill 668, how do you design the b ilding en elope to optimi ebuilding envelope to optimize
energy efficiency?gy y
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What are the functions of the Building Envelope?ve ope?
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Building Envelope – Key TargetsBuilding design– Shape and orientation
Gl i– Glazing
– Passive solar design
– Daylighting
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Building Envelope – Key TargetsBuilding structure and finishes– Typically highly conductive materials – steel and
concreteconcrete
– Insulate on exterior to reduce thermal bridging
– Reflective finishes reduce solar gains
InsulationInsulation– Reduces conductive losses
– R‐values
I t ll ti– Installation
Fenestration (glazing)– Quantity and orientation
– U‐factor
– Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
– Shading features
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Air leakage/ ventilation control
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Defining the Building Envelope
To be effective,
VentilatedAttic
SemiheatedStorage
To be effective, insulation must be in contact with an air barrier material,
ConditionedSpace
such as drywall or other sheet material, with
dVentilated
CrawlspaceUnconditionedSpace
penetrations and edges sealed
Exterior Envelope
Semi-Exterior Envelope
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Building Shape
Fit the site and programAestheticsAestheticsExposure to EnvironmentSurface to Volume RatioPotential for Air Potential for Air Leakage
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Glazing Area Percentage
Daylighting potentialConnection to exterior/ Connection to exterior/ ViewsAestheticsAesthetics
Heat gain and lossHeat gain and lossComfortHVAC iHVAC sizeMaintenance
NC State Construction Office1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 8Section 802
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Operable Windows?
Natural ventilation“Manual” economizer“Manual” economizerPerceived control
Comfort controlComfort controlHumidity controlHVAC balancingHVAC balancingOther issues
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Insulation
Not a major issue?issue?Pretty much standardizedstandardizedComfortHeat loss and gainMaintenance/ condensation
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co de sat o
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Two Sets of Requirements – multiple pathways to compliancep y p
Chapter 5: Commercial Energy Efficiency– ASHRAE 90.1‐2004 in the North Carolina energy code
– IECC 2006 –with local amendments
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Organization of ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐20042004
1 Purpose 7 Service Water H ti2 Scope
3 DefinitionsHeating
8 Power9 Lighting4 Administration and
Enforcement5 Building Envelope
9 Lighting10 Other Equipment11 Energy Cost Budget 5 Building Envelope
6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
11 Energy Cost Budget Method
12 Normative and Air Conditioning 12 Normative References
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High Rise Residential –Which Energy Code?
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Section 5Envelope Compliance Methods
Section 5.2p p
Mandatory yProvisions
Prescriptive Trade-Off Energy Cost Option Option Budget
Compliance
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Section 5Envelope Mandatory Provisions
Section 5.4p y
Air leakage–Building envelope sealing
– Fenestration (windows and exterior glass)– Fenestration (windows and exterior glass)• NFRC 400*
– 1 0 cfm/ft21.0 cfm/ft
– 0.4 cfm/ft2
– Loading Docksg
Vestibules * NFRC = National Fenestration Rating Council
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* NFRC = National Fenestration Rating Council
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502.3 Basic Requirement: Air Leakage ‐Building Envelope Sealingg p g
Caulk around doors and
Caulk between wall panels particularly at corners and changes inCaulk around
windows
Caulk between wall arch floor
corners and changes in orientationpenetrations of
chimney flue vents or attic hatches
where floor penetrates wall
Caulk at Caulk between wall and roof
hatches
Caulk between wall panels and
penetrations of utility services or other service entry through
Caulk between wall and f d ti
wall panels and top and bottom plates in exterior walls
entry through walls floors and roofs
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foundationWeatherstrip doors
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Major Air Leakage Sites
Cavities above suspended ceilings
Cavities above suspended ceilingssuspended ceilings
Plenum return spaces (Highly depressurized)
V til t d ll
suspended ceilingsPlenum return spaces
(Highly depressurized)V til t d llVentilated wallsEquipment tunnels and
chases
Ventilated wallsEquipment tunnels and
chasesMechanical rooms and mezzaninesUnconditioned adjacent space
(Storage warehouse plant etc )
Mechanical rooms and mezzaninesUnconditioned adjacent space
(Storage warehouse plant etc )(Storage, warehouse, plant, etc.)Exhaust and ventilation fans, plus
wind and stack effect, are major driving forces
(Storage, warehouse, plant, etc.)Exhaust and ventilation fans, plus
wind and stack effect, are major driving forces
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driving forcesdriving forces
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Return Plenum Problems ‐ Canopy
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Is Air Barrier Continuous?Brand-new NC buildingDrywall leftoff of exteriorwall aboved d dropped ceilingBuilding usesb ili above-ceiling area
as returnWhen HVAC operates, entire wall cavity goes to a negative pressure, i i i l k ff ti l d i i l ti l d increasing air leakage, effectively reducing insulation value, and potentially causing moisture problems
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Limiting Air Leakage Pathwaysg g yMaterials and connections must:
stop air flowp
withstand jobsite abuses
withstand forces of wind and pressurepressure
Penetrations must be sealedplumbing, wiring, communications
d kductwork
windows and doors
Functional penetrations, such as air intakes for exhaust fans, must be damperedVestibules (5 Stories or more, with exceptions)
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Section 5 – Envelope ‐‐ Vestibules
Required at building entrancesSelf closing doorsExceptions:Exceptions:a. Building entrances with revolving doors.b. Doors not used as a building entrance.c. Doors opening directly from a dwelling unit.p g y gd. Building entrances in buildings located in climate
zone 1 or 2.e. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone
3 or 4 that are less than four stories above grade and less than 3 or 4 that are less than four stories above grade and less than 10,000 ft2 in area.
f. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 5, 6, 7, or 8 that are less than 1,000 ft2 in area.
2g. Doors that open directly from a space that is less than 3,000 ft2 in area and is separate from the building entrance.
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Common R‐values – Resistance to Conductive Heat FlowConductive Heat Flow
Concrete 0.2 per inch½” Drywall 0.5Double‐paned glass 1.8Low‐e glass about 3.0Fiberglass insulation 3 to 4 per inchCellulose insulation 3.7 per inchExpanded polystyrene 4 per inchExtruded polystyrene 5 per inchIcynene foam 3.6 to 3.7 per inch
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Polyurethane foam 6.7 to 7.0 per inch
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Roof Insulation (5.5.3.1)
3 classes of roof construction3 classes of roof construction
I l ti bInsulation above
Metal buildings
Attic + Other
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Building Envelope Example: Roofs
Poor Design: Insulation not counted on top of suspended ceiling
Batts over suspended ceiling tilesPoor pressure boundary caused by tile grid, porous tiles lighting vent holestiles, lighting vent holes Poor durability -maintenance disrupts batts, exposureto fiberglass dustMany thermal breaks due to ductwork, light fixtures grid andfixtures, grid, and support wires
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Building Envelope Example: RoofsOkay Design:Insulation above hard ceilingg
Example: taped gypsum; similar to residential constructionDuctwork is inside but must limit and seal HVAC, plumbing,
d l t i land electrical penetrations through pressure boundaryThermal bridging fromThermal bridging from metal roof trusses
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Building Envelope Example: RoofsBest Design: Rigid insulation above roof deck
g p p
g
No thermal breaks and continuous pressure boundaryyHVAC equipment and ductwork located within conditioned spaceGood durability
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What’s Under the Membrane?
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R‐30?
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Attic Insulation Alternative?
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Foam (Icynene) Under‐Roof
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Above‐Grade Wall Insulation
5 Classes of wall construction Mass
Metal Building
Metal Stud
W d St dWood Stud
Below Grade
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Below Grade
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Steel Framed Walls
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Steel Framing and Insulation
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Metal Framing Effects Thermal bridging effect of metal framing must be accounted for in calculating U-must be accounted for in calculating Ufactors
Outside Air Film
1- inch Exterior sheathing (R-3.8) with Stucco
2 x 4 Metal Studs with R-13 in the Cavity
1/2 i G B d1/2 in. Gypsum Board
Inside Air Film
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U‐factors for Metal Stud WallsNominal R-value
Effective R-value
U-factor Continuous Insulated Sheathing
1/2" EPS 5/8" Poly Iso 1" XPS1/2 EPS 5/8 Poly-Iso 1 XPSR-2.0 R-4.0 R-5.0
2 x 4 Metal Framing at 16 inches on Center (3.5 in cavity depth)(0 0) 0 3 2 0 20 0 146 0 128None (0.0) 0.352 0.207 0.146 0.128
R-11 (5.5) 0.132 0.105 0.087 0.080R-13 (6.0) 0.124 0.100 0.083 0.077R-15 (6.4) 0.118 0.096 0.080 0.074
2 x 4 Metal Framing at 24 inches on Center (3.5 in cavity depth)R-11 (6.6) 0.116 0.094 0.079 0.073( )R-13 (7.2) 0.108 0.089 0.075 0.070R-15 (7.8) 0.102 0.084 0.072 0.067
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Effective R‐value of 2x4 Metal Framed Walls (16” o.c.)Walls (16 o.c.)
1820
R-15R 13
121416 R-13
R-11None Effective R-Value of 2x4
Metal Framed Wall with R-
468
10
Sheathing R-valueOSB/ Drywall 8.1
13 Batt Insulation
024
R 0 5 R 2 5 R 3 4 R 5 0 R 10 0
y1/2" XPS 9.51/2" Poly-Iso 11.51" XPS 12.52" XPS 17 5R-0.5 R-2.5 R-3.4 R-5.0 R-10.0
OSB/ Drywall
1/2" XPS 1/2" Poly-Iso
1" XPS 2" XPS
2" XPS 17.5
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Drywall Iso
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Above Grade Floors –Is the Insulation Missing?Is the Insulation Missing?
Continuous insulationis the key1” of foam is vital for exposed slab edgesHeat loss will be
th j t 4” more than just 4” of missing insulation Trace other potential Trace other potential discontinuities in wall insulation system
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insulation system
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Make Insulation Continuous
Block walls -- should be insulated; insulating cores very ineffectiveinsulating cores very ineffectiveFloors over unheated spaces, such as parking areas, need insulationp g ,For discontinuities in walls, such as offset areas for stairwells, elevators and other spaces the elevators, and other spaces, the exterior envelope must be determined. The envelope requires both insulation and air sealing.
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Windows ‐ SHGC
Solar Heat Gain Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
Coefficient– Requirements dependent
Gain Coefficient
on projection factor
– National FenestrationNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) tested
– Default SHGC range diagrams
– SHGC = SC x 87Projection Factor (PF)
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SHGC = SC x .87
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Fenestration PerformanceSection 5.8.2
NFRC Rating for all Manufactured Manufactured Fenestration– U‐factor
– SHGC
– Air Leakage
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Skylights
Restricted to ≤ 3% of roof area– Requirements based on
• U‐value (NFRC tested) or
• Default U‐value table
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Integrated Design Process
• Site ConsiderationsR d L d• Reduce Loads
• Size Systems Properly for Reduced Loads
• Incorporate Efficient pEquipment and Systems
• Refine System • Refine System Integration
ASHRAE Ad d E G id li M d l
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ASHRAE Advanced Energy Guidelines as a Model
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The Major Unknown:Post OccupancyPost Occupancy
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Non‐Code Compliant
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NC State Construction Office
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Climate
ASHRAE Standard 90.1Climate Data
12 600
9,000
10,800
12,600
5,400
7,200
CDD5
0
U.S.CanadaInt'l.
1,800
3,600
0
0
900
1,80
0
2,70
0
3,60
0
4,50
0
5,40
0
6,30
0
7,20
0
8,10
0
9,00
0
9,90
0
10,8
00
11,7
00
12,6
00
13,5
00
14,4
00
15,3
00
16,2
00
17,1
00
18,0
00
18,9
00
19,8
00
20,7
00
HDD65
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2009 IECC Climate Zones:Zones 4 and Below Don’t Require Wall Vapor Barriers
(Only NW Mountains need one)
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2009 NC Energy Code Climate Zones
Zone 3&4 – No VB
Zone 5 VB Req iredZone 5 – VB Required
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Section 5 –Prescriptive Requirements
Section 5.5
Prescriptive Requirements
Nonresidential– Commercial
Residential– Not one and two‐family
– Typically over 3 storiesTypically over 3 stories
– Hotels and dormitories
Semi-HeatedSemi-Heated
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ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Nonresidential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5FloorsMass R-6.3 c.i. R-6.3 c.i. R-8.5 c.i.Mass R 6.3 c.i. R 6.3 c.i. R 8.5 c.i.Steel Joist R-19 R-19 R-19Wood Framed and Other R-19 R-19 R-30
Slab-On-Grade FloorsUnheated NR NR NRHeated R-7.5, 12 in. R-7.5, 24 in. R-10, 36 in.
Opaque Doorsp qSwinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700Non-Swinging U-1.450 U-1.450 U-1.450
Residential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5FloorsMass R-8.3 c.i. R-8.3 c.i. R-10 c.i.Steel Joist R-19 R-30 R-30Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30 R-30
Slab-On-Grade FloorsUnheated NR NR NRHeated R-7.5, 24 in. R-10, 36 in. R-10, 36 in.
NC State Construction OfficeOpaque DoorsSwinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700Non-Swinging U-1.450 U-0.500 U-0.500
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ASHRAE 90.1 Fenestration
ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (Chapter 5)Fenestration Values for Climate Zone 3Window-Wall Ratio
Nonresidential Residential Semiheated
0-10.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NR
Requirements for Climate
Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR10.1-20.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NR
Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR20.1-30.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NR
U 0 67 SHGC 0 39 U 0 67 SHGC 0 39 U 1 27 SHGC NR
Zones 3 and 4Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.39 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.39 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR
30.1-40.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.39 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.39 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR
40.1-50.0% Uf ixed-0.46, SHGCall-0.19 Uf ixed-0.46, SHGCall-0.19 Uf ixed-0.98, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.47, SHGCnorth-0.26 Uoper-0.47, SHGCnorth-0.26 Uoper-1.02, SHGCnorth- NRp p p
Uf ixed = U-value of fixed windows; Uoper = U-value of operable windowsSHGCall = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of all windowsSHGCnorth = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of north windows
Fenestration Values for Climate Zone 4Window-Wall Ratio
Nonresidential Residential Semiheated
0-10.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR
10.1-20.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR
20.1-30.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR
30 1 40 0% U 0 57 SHGC 0 39 U 0 57 SHGC 0 39 U 1 22 SHGC NR
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30.1-40.0% Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Uf ixed-1.22, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Uoper-1.27, SHGCnorth- NR
40.1-50.0% Uf ixed-0.46, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-0.46, SHGCall-0.25 Uf ixed-0.98, SHGCall- NRUoper-0.47, SHGCnorth-0.36 Uoper-0.47, SHGCnorth-0.36 Uoper-1.02, SHGCnorth- NR
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ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide – Office Buildingg
Advanced Design Guide
ASHRAE 90.1 2004
Roof Zone 4 Zone 4Insulation Entirely above Deck R-15 c.i.* R-20 c.i.*Metal Building R-19.0 R-13 + 19
Design Guide2004
gAttic and Other R-30.0 R-38
Walls, Above GradeMass R-5.7 c.i. R-11.4 c.i.Metal Building R-13 R-13Steel Framed R-13 R-13+R-7.5Wood Framed and Other R 13 R 13Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13Below Grade Wall NR NR
Floors
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oo sMass R-8.3 c.i. R-8.3 c.i.Steel Joist R-30 R-30Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30
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ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide – Office Building
Fenestration Values for Climate Zone 4Window- ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Advanced Design GuideWindow
Wall Ratio
ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Advanced Design Guide
0-10.0% Ufixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Up to 40% of wall areaUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 U-0.42
10.1- Ufixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 SHGC - 0.46Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Area of north glass * SHGCn +
20.1- Ufixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Area of south glass * SHGCs >Uoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 Area of east glass * SHGCe +Uoper 0.67, SHGCnorth 0.49 Area of east glass SHGCe
30.1- Ufixed-0.57, SHGCall-0.39 Area of west glass * SHGCwUoper-0.67, SHGCnorth-0.49 South, east, west has overhang
40 1 U 0 46 SHGC 0 25
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40.1- Ufixed-0.46, SHGCall-0.25Uoper-0.47, SHGCnorth-0.36
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ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide – Office Building
1.30 Watts/. Sq ft 0.90 Watts/ sq ft90 lumen/ watt linear fluorescent
ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Advanced Design GuideInterior Lighting
90 lumen/ watt linear fluorescentDimmable fixture within 12 ft of N/S window wall or within 8 ft of skylight edgeAuto-off in all unoccupied roomsReflectance of 80% on ceilings, 70% on walls and vertical partition
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ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide – Office Buildingg
0-65 kBtuh 10 SEER 13 SEER65 135 kBt h 10 3 EER/ 11 2 IPLV 11 EER/ 11 4 IPLV
ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Advanced Design GuideCooling
65-135 kBtuh 10.3 EER/ 11.2 IPLV 11 EER/ 11.4 IPLV135-240 kBtuh 9.7 EER/ 11.2 IPLV 10.8 EER/ 11.2 IPLV> 240 kBtuh 9.5 EER/ 11.2 IPLV 10 EER/ 10.4 IPLV
FurnacesAll sizes 80% AFUE 80% AFUE
Heat pumpsHeat pumps0-65 kBtuh 10 SEER/ 6.8 HSPF 13 SEER/ 7.7 HSPF65-135 kBtuh 10.1 EER 10.6 EER/ 11 IPLV>135 kBtuh 9.3 EER/ 9.2 IPLV (>240) 10.1 EER/ 11 IPLV
Other Economizers -- depend Economizers > 54 kBtuhVentilation controls Motorized control with optional CO2 sensors
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pSealed ducts Sealed ducts
81% gas instantaneous water htrEF > 99%
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Integrated Design: Assess the Site
Evaluate centrality to the communityEvaluate access to public transportationEvaluate access to public transportationIdentify on-site energy opportunitiesIdentify best building orientation
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Identify on‐site energy opportunities
Integrated design begins with site assessment and selectionassessment and selectionSite selection is an opportunity to obtain free energy resourcesfree energy resources
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Reduce loads on energy‐using systems
Reduce Internal LoadsMore efficient equipment appliances and lighting– More efficient equipment, appliances and lighting
Reduce heat gain/loss through the building l ti t lidenvelope: many options, see next slides
Reduce Thermal Loads:– Utilize Passive Solar Design, Thermal Storage
Refine building to suit local conditionsg– Operable Windows, cross ventilation
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Reduce Heat Gain/Loss
Control Solar Gain to reduce cooling load through windowsthrough windows– Use beneficial building form and orientation– Minimize windows east and west, maximize windows ,north and south
– Use glazing with low solar heat gain coefficient ( )(SHGC)
– Provide external shade glazing to reduce solar heat gain and glaregain and glare
– Use vegetation on S/E/W to control solar heat gain and glare
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g
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Reduce Heat Gain/Loss
Reduce Solar Gain through opaque surfaces to reduce cooling load to reduce cooling load – Increase Insulation of opaque areas
Increase Roof surface reflectance and emittance– Increase Roof surface reflectance and emittance
– Shade building surfaces with deciduous and coniferous trees as appropriate for surfaceconiferous trees as appropriate for surface orientation
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Reduce Heat Gain/Loss
Reduce Conductive Heat Gain and Loss through building envelope through building envelope – Increase Insulation on roof, walls, floors, slabs and doors and decrease window U factordoors and decrease window U factor
Reduce air infiltrationP id ti i b i– Provide continuous air barrier
Reduce Heat Gain or Loss from ventilation h iexhaust air
– Use energy recovery to precondition outdoor air
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Key Points to CheckEnvelope– Insulation values correct? Proper installation?p– Fenestration ‐‐ % glass– Fenestration – U‐factor and SHGC (on plans and in field)field)
– Air sealing detailsHVACHVAC– Programmable controls?– Economizer?– Duct and pipe insulation?– Ducts sealed?
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Key Inspection Points (cont.)
HVAC (continued)N i lt h ti d li ( t h– No simultaneous heating and cooling (except where allowed for reheat)
– Complex systemsp y–Fan power–Temperature resetZ i–Zoning
–Reheat limitation–Etc.Etc.
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Key Inspection Points (cont.)Lighting– If most lamps are not T‐8 fluorescent or more pefficient lamps, need to check
– Check controls ‐‐ occupancy and daylighting controlsExit signs– Exit signs
– Exterior lighting efficiency and controls
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Questions?
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Roof Insulation Requirements:ASHRAE 90.1‐2004 (Chapter 5, section 501 of new code)Table 5.5-3 ASHRAE 90.1-2004
Nonresidential Residential SemiheatedASHRAE 90.1-2004 (Chapter 5)NonresidentialRoof Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5Insulation Entirely above Deck R-15 c.i.* R-15 c.i.* R-15 c.i.*Metal Building R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0Atti d Oth R 30 0 R 30 0 R 30 0Attic and Other R-30.0 R-30.0 R-30.0
ResidentialRoof Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5Insulation Entirely above Deck R 15 0 c i R 15 0 c i R 15 0 c iInsulation Entirely above Deck R-15.0 c.i. R-15.0 c.i. R-15.0 c.i.Metal Building R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0Attic and Other R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0
SemiheatedSemiheatedRoof Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5Insulation Entirely above Deck R-4.0 c.i. R-4.0 c.i. R-5.0 c.i.Metal Building R-10.0 R-10.0 R-10.0Attic and Other R-13 0 R-13 0 R-19 0
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Attic and Other R-13.0 R-13.0 R-19.0* c.i. = continuous insulation -- typically foam
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Commercial Wall Insulation Requirements: IECC 2006 (Chapter 5 of new code)
Walls, Above Grade 3 4 5Mass R-5 7 c i R-5 7 c i R-7 6 c i
Climate Zone
Mass R-5.7 c.i. R-5.7 c.i. R-7.6 c.i. Metal building R-13 R-13 R-13+R-13 Metal framed R-13 R-13 R-13+R-3.8 c.i. Wood framed and other R-13 R-13 R-13Walls, Below Grade NR NR NR
Walls for Metal Buildings:R 13 Si l i l ti l Th fi t l f R 13 i l ti b tt i i t ll d R-13 Single insulation layer: The first layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed continuously perpendicular to the girts and is compressed as the metal skin is attached to the girts.
R-13 + R-13 Double insulation layer: The first layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed continuously perpendicular to the girts, and is compressed as the metal skin is attached to the girts. The second layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed within the framing cavity
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within the framing cavity.
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Roof Insulation Requirements: IECC 2006
Roofs 3 4 5 Insulation entirely above deck R-15, c.i. R-15, c.i. R-20, c.i. Metal buildings (with R 5 thermal blocks) R 19 R 19 R 19
Climate Zone
Metal buildings (with R-5 thermal blocks) R-19 R-19 R-19 Attic and other R-30 R-30 R-30
Roofs for Metal Buildings:R-19 + R-10 Filled cavity roof -- Thermal blocks are a minimum R-5 of rigid R 19 + R 10 Filled cavity roof Thermal blocks are a minimum, R 5 of rigid insulation, which extends 1 in. beyond the width of the purlin on each side, perpendicular to the purlin. This construction is R-10 insulation batts draped perpendicularly over the purlins, with enough looseness to allow R-19 batt to be laid above it parallel to the purlins Thermal blocks are then placed above the above it, parallel to the purlins. Thermal blocks are then placed above the purlin/batt, and the roof deck is secured to the purlins. In the metal building industry, this is known as the “sag and bag” insulation system.
R-19: Standing seam with single insulation layer Thermal blocks are a minimum R-5 R 19: Standing seam with single insulation layer. Thermal blocks are a minimum R 5 of rigid insulation, which extends 1 in. beyond the width of the purlin on each side, perpendicular to the purlin. This construction R-19 insulation batts draped perpendicularly over the purlins. Thermal blocks are then placed above the purlin/batt and the roof deck is secured to the purlins
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purlin/batt, and the roof deck is secured to the purlins.
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Building Envelope Example: RoofsNo longer counts: Batts over suspended ceiling tiles
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4 Building Envelope Considerations
• Materials• Building Assemblies• Process Design• Performance
ASHRAE Advanced Energy Guidelines as a Model
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Guidelines as a Model
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Materials
• Building Skin• Insulation• Radiant Technologies• Moisture Control Materials
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Building Assemblies
• Wall Systems• Rain Screens• Roof/Attic Systems• Energy Services/Supply• Envelope Component IntegrationEnvelope Component Integration• Advanced Panel/Prefabrication
lli l S• Intelligent Envelope Systems
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Process and Design
• Daylight and Passive Solar• Modular Coordination• Natural Ventilation• Recycling/Reuse Processes• Regional DesignRegional Design
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Performance
• Performance Modeling/Testing• Performance Monitoring/Testing• Performance Rating Criteria
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Outline from here
ASHRAE 90.1 Design GuidesOrientation impact on energy useInsulation measures impact on energy useInsulation measures impact on energy useGlazing measures impact on energy useAi li / til ti t l i t Air sealing/ ventilation control impact on energy useImpact of package of measures with energy management system/ lighting controls
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Inspection is Critically Important!p y p
Insulation Insulation specification was R-30 foam on roof deck foam on roof deck according to the plans (and HVAC design)
2 ”( g )The 2.5 inches found installed in the field
2.5”
would only provide about R-15
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Cool Roof (SRI ‐ solar reflectance index)
Solar reflectance and emittance values from a lab accredited by the Cool Roof from a lab accredited by the Cool Roof Rating Council
Insert chart– Insert chart
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Commercial Wall Requirements:ASHRAE 90.1‐2004 (Chapter 5, Section 501 of new code)
Nonresidential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5Walls, Above GradeMass R-5.7 c.i. R-5.7 c.i. R-7.5 c.i.Metal Building R 13 R 13 R 13Metal Building R-13 R-13 R-13Steel Framed R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-4 c.i.Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13Below Grade Wall NR NR NR
ResidentialResidentialWalls, Above GradeMass R-7.3 c.i. R-10 c.i. R-11 c.i.Metal Building R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-13 c.i.Steel Framed R-13 + R-4 c i R-13 + R-7 c i R-13 + R-7 c iSteel Framed R 13 + R 4 c.i. R 13 + R 7 c.i. R 13 + R 7 c.i.Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13Below Grade Wall NR NR NR
SemiheatedWalls, Above GradeWalls, Above GradeMass NR NR NRMetal Building R-6 R-10 R-11.0Steel Framed NR R-13 R-13.0Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13.0
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Below Grade Wall NR NR NR
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Commercial Wall Insulation Requirements: IECC 2006 (Chapter 5 of new code)
Walls, Above Grade 3 4 5M R 5 7 i R 5 7 i R 7 6 i
Climate Zone
Mass R-5.7 c.i. R-5.7 c.i. R-7.6 c.i. Metal building R-13 R-13 R-13+R-13 Metal framed R-13 R-13 R-13+R-3.8 c.i.
Wood framed and other R-13 R-13 R-13 Wood framed and other R 13 R 13 R 13Walls, Below Grade NR NR NR
Walls for Metal Buildings:R-13 Single insulation layer: The first layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed continuously perpendicular to the girts and is compressed as the metal skin is attached to the girts.
R-13 + R-13 Double insulation layer: The first layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed continuously perpendicular to the girts, and is compressed as the metal skin is attached to the girts. The second layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed
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within the framing cavity.
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Typical? Non‐Compliant!
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How about now?
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Commercial Floor Requirements:ASHRAE 90.1‐2004 (Chapter 5, Section 501 of new code)
ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Nonresidential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5FloorsMass R-6.3 c.i. R-6.3 c.i. R-8.5 c.i.Steel Joist R-19 R-19 R-19Wood Framed and Other R-19 R-19 R-30
Slab-On-Grade FloorsUnheated NR NR NRHeated R-7.5, 12 in. R-7.5, 24 in. R-10, 36 in.Heated R 7.5, 12 in. R 7.5, 24 in. R 10, 36 in.
Opaque DoorsSwinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700Non-Swinging U-1.450 U-1.450 U-1.450
R id ti l Z 3 Z 4 Z 5Residential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5FloorsMass R-8.3 c.i. R-8.3 c.i. R-10 c.i.Steel Joist R-19 R-30 R-30Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30 R-30
Slab-On-Grade FloorsUnheated NR NR NRHeated R-7.5, 24 in. R-10, 36 in. R-10, 36 in.
Opaque DoorsSwinging U 0 700 U 0 700 U 0 700
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Swinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700Non-Swinging U-1.450 U-0.500 U-0.500
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Commercial Floor Requirements:IECC 2006 (Chapter 5 of new code)
Floors Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Mass R-5 c.i. R-10 c.i. R-10 c.i. Joist/ Framing R-19 R-19 R-19Slab-on-Grade Floors Unheated slabs NR NR Heated slabs R-7.5 (12 in vert) R-7.5 (12 in vert) R-7.5 (24 in vert)
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