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Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Pond Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism
communities and the nonliving environment, interacting as a functional unit.
Remember that the organisms living in an ecosystem are broken down into
categories: producers, consumers,and decomposers.
A pond is a quiet body of water that is too small for wave action and too shallow
for major temperature differences from top to bottom. t usually has a muddy or
silty bottom with aquatic plants around the edges and throughout. !owever, it is
often difficult to classify the differences between a pond and a lake, since the two
terms are artificial and the ecosystems really exist on a continuum. "enerally, in a
pond, the temperature changes with the air temperature and is relatively uniform.
#akes are similar to ponds, but because they are larger, temperature layering or
stratification takes place in summer and winter, and these layers turnover in spring
and fall. $onds get their energy from the sun. As with other ecosystems, plants are
the primary producers. %he chlorophyll in aquatic plants captures energy from the
sun to convert carbon dioxide and water to organic compounds and oxygen through
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the process of photosynthesis. &itrogen and phosphorus are important nutrients
for plants. %he addition of these substances may increase primary productivity.
!owever, too many nutrients can cause algal blooms, leading to eutrophication
'Read $onds ( )utrophication for more information*.
Producers
+ Phytoplankton, literally wandering plants,- are microscopic algae that float in
the open water and give it a green appearance. %hey carry out photosynthesis using
carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the water and release oxygen that is used by the
bacteria and animals in the pond. $hytoplankton are not actually plantsthey are
protists/
Periphytic algae are microscopic algae that attach themselves to substrates
and give the rocks and sticks a greenish brown slimy appearance. %hey also
carry outphotosynthesis and produce oxygen, often near the bottom of the
pond where it can be used by decomposers.
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Submerged plants grow completely under water
loating plants include plants that float on the surface and plants that are
rooted on the bottom of the pond but have leaves and0or stems that float. Emergent plants are rooted in shallow water but their stems and leaves are
above water most of the time.
Shore plants grow in wet soil at the edge of the pond. 1onsumers
!ooplankton are microscopic animals that eat phytoplankton or smaller
2ooplankton. 3ome are singlecelled animals, tiny crustaceans, or tiny
immature stages of larger animals. 4ooplankton float about in the open
water portions of the pond and are important food for some animals.
In"ertebrates include all animals without backbones. 5acro invertebrates
are big enough to be seen with the naked eye. 3ome of them are only found
in clean water.
#ertebrates are animals with backbones. n a pond these might include fish,
frogs, salamanders, and turtles. 6ecomposers Animal waste and dead and
decaying plants and animals form detritus on the bottom of the pond.
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Decomposers
Animal waste and dead and decaying plants and animals form detritus on the
bottom of the pond. Decomposers, also known as detrito"ores$ are bacteria and
other organisms that break down detritus into material that can be used by primary
producers,
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thus returning the detritus to the ecosystem. As this material
decomposes it can serve as a food resource for microbes and
invertebrates. During decay microbes living on detritus can pull
nutrients from the overlying water thus acting to improve water
quality.In the process of breaking down detritus, decomposers
produce water and carbon dioxide.
A pond is a body of standing water , either natural or artificial, that is usually
smaller than a lake. %hey may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river
system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions 'examples include vernal
pools and prairie potholes*. 7sually they contain shallow water with marsh and
aquatic plants and animals. A few animals also make their home in ponds,
including both alligators and beavers. %he type of life in a pond is generally
determined by a combination of factors including water level regime 'particularly
depth and duration of flooding* and nutrient levels, but other factors may also be
important, including presence or absence of shading by trees, presence or absence
of streams, effects of gra2ing animals, and salinity.
$onds are frequently humanconstructed. n country side farmers and villagers dig
a pond in their backyard or increase the depth of an existing pond by removing
layers of mud during summer season. A wide variety of artificial bodies of water
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stagnationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stagnationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_water
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are classified as ponds. 3ome ponds are created specifically for habitat restoration,
including water treatment. 8thers, like water gardens, water features and koi ponds
are designed for aesthetic ornamentation as landscape or architectural
features. 9ish ponds are designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds
designed to store thermal energy.
3tanding bodies of water such as puddles, ponds, and lakes are often categori2ed
separately from flowing water courses, such as a brook, creek, stream or river.
&utrient levels and water quality in ponds can be controlled through natural
process such as algal growth, or through artificial filtration, such as an algae
scrubber .
Technical de%initions
A small artificial garden pond at the%aj #ake $alace in 7daipur , ndia
%he technical distinction between a pond and a lake has not been universally
standardi2ed. #imnologists and freshwater biologists have proposed formal
definitions for pond , in part to include bodies of water where light penetrates to the
bottom of the waterbody, bodies of water shallow enough for rooted water plants
to grow throughout, and bodies of water which lack wave action on the shoreline.
)ach of these definitions has met with resistance or disapproval, as the defining
characteristics are each difficult to measure or verify. Accordingly, some
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiology
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organi2ations and researchers have settled on technical definitions
of pond and lake which rely on si2e alone.
)ven among organi2ations and researchers who distinguish lakes from
ponds by si2e alone, there is no universally recognised standard for the maximum
si2e of a pond. %he international Ramsar wetland convention sets the upper limit
for pond si2e as ; hectares 'ritish charity $ond 1onservation have
defined a pond to be a manmade or natural water body which is between ? m
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$onds can result from a wide range of natural processes. Any depression in the
ground which collects and retains a sufficient amount of precipitation can be
considered a pond, and such depressions can be formed by a variety of geological
and ecological events. Rivers often leave behind ponds in natural flood plains after
spring flooding, and these can be very important to breeding fish, particularly in
large river systems like the Ama2on. Retreating glaciers can leave behind
landscapes filled with small depressions, each developing its own pondB an
example is the $rairie $othole Region of &orth America. 5any areas of landscape
contain small depressions which form temporary ponds after spring snow melt, or
during rainy seasonsB these are called vernal ponds, and may be important sites
for amphibian breeding. 3ome ponds are created by animals. >eaver ponds are the
best known example, but alligators also excavate ponds as well. n landscapes with
organic soils, fires can also create depressions during periods of droughtB these
become open water when normal water levels return.
Characteristics
6uring the last thirty years of his life, the main focus of 1laude 5onetsartistic
production was a series of about
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margin of the pond is fringed by wetland, and these wetlands support the aquatic
food web, provide shelter for wildlife, and stabili2e the shore of the pond. 3ome
gra2ing animals like geese and muskrats consume the wetland plants directly as a
source of food. n many other cases, however, the pond plants fall into the water
and decay. A large number of invertebrates then feed on the decaying plants, and
these invertebrates provide food for wetland species including fish, dragonflies and
herons. %he open water may allow algae to grow, and these algae may support yet
another food web that includes aquatic insects and minnows. A pond, therefore,
may have combinations of three different food webs, one based on larger plants,
one based upon decayed plants, and one based upon algae. !ence, ponds often
have a large number of different animal species using the wide array of food
sources. %hey therefore provide an important source of biological diversity in
landscapes.
Gernal ponds are ponds which dry up for part of the year. &aturally occurring
vernal ponds do not usually have fish. %hey are called vernal ponds because they
are typically at their peak depth in the spring 'HvernalH means to do with the
spring*. %he absence of fish is a very important characteristic, since it provides
amphibians with breeding locations free from predation by fish. !ence,
introducing fish to a pond can have serious detrimental consequences. n some
parts of the world, such as 1alifornia, the vernal ponds have rare and endangered
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_pond
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plant species. 8n the coastal plain, they provide habitat for endangered frogs such
as the 5ississippi "opher 9rog.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Gopher_Froghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Gopher_Frog
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the surrounding landscapes. t is also beneficial to allow water levels to fall each
year during drier periods. Roads and houses should be kept as far away as possible.
Another important way to add ponds back into landscapes is to restore rivers so
that they can flood and meander to create large numbers of natural ponds,
including vernal pools and wetlands, in river valleys.
Nomenclature
n origin, pond is a variant form of the word pound, meaning a confining
enclosure. As straying cattle are enclosed in a pound so water is enclosed in a
pond. n earlier times, ponds were artificial and utilitarianB as stew ponds, mill
ponds and so on. %he significance of this feature seems, in some cases, to have
been lost when the word was carried abroad with emigrants. n the 7nited 3tates,
natural pools are often called ponds. $onds for a specific purpose keep the
adjective, such as Hstock pondH, used for watering livestock.
Pond usually implies a quite small body of water, generally smaller than one would
require a boat to cross. Another definition is that a pond is a body of water where
even its deepest areas are reached by sunlight or where a human can walk across
the entire body of water without being submerged. n some dialects of )nglish,
pond normally refers to small artificially created bodies of water.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language
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3ome regions of the 7nited 3tates define a pond as a body of water with a surface
area of less than ?= acres 'F.= ha*. 5innesota, known as the land of ?=,=== lakes
is commonly said to distinguish lakes from ponds, bogs and other water features by
this definition, but also says that a lake is distinguished primarily by wave action
reaching the shore.
Pond in 'inter
%he term is also used for temporary accumulation of water from surface
runoff ' ponded water*.
%here are various regional names for naturally occurring ponds. n 3cotland, one of
the terms is lochan, which may also apply to a large body of water such as a lake.
n &orth American prairies, they may be termed playas.
Uses
"lobally, the most important service provided by a pond, at many scales, is the
production of fish and other wildlife. %hese are often also a source of food for
humans, as well as an important source of recreation. At the same time, these
ponds help maintain water quality by recycling nutrients.
n the ndian subcontinent, !indu temples usually have a pond nearby so that
pilgrims can take baths. %hese ponds are considered sacred.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu
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n medieval times in ndia, it was typical for many monastery and castles 'small,
partly selfsufficient communities* to have fish ponds. %hese are still common in
ndia and in )ast Asia , where koi may be kept.
Caste stabili2ation ponds are used as a lowcost method for wastewater treatment.
n agriculture, treatment ponds may reduce nutrients released downstream from the
pond. %hey may also provide irrigation reservoirs at times of drought.
Chapter-2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_pondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir
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(ITER)TURE RE#IE*
Aquatic ecosystem, whether it is lentic or lotic, is one of the valuable natural
resource is whose quality has a vital concern for human welfare, socioeconomic
development and distribution of aquatic organisms. n general, fresh water bodies
include diverse types which include ponds, pools, streams, rivers, etc. n fact, such
freshwater bodies are of immense importance as they not only produce potable
water and fodder but also ensure the stability of the microclimate of the area,
ground water recharge, generating employment by boosting tourism, fisheries,
recreation, etc. '$array et al .,
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animals and economic benefits such as fish breeding '5ini et al .,
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pond in %amilnadu was studied by Rao et al . '?KKE*. %here are several reports on
the environmental factors which affect the water quality '3ingh, ?KKB Main et al .,
?KKD and Iumar, ?KKJ*.
)cological significance and biological characteristic features of freshwater bodies
in 5ysore were highlighted by >hatt et al . '?KKK*. Mha and >arat '
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aquatic ecosystem was observed by 5urugesan et al . 'irganj at &epal. %he water quality of Ialol city in "ujarat
was studied by $rajapati and Raol 'ellandur lake >angalore was reported by
1handrasekhar et al . 'odhan lake. Cater quality assessment of Ihumph
&imars lake at 5adhya $radesh was studied by Ihare et al . '
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'
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pond is well documented by Adhikari '
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%herefore, safety assessment of aquatic ecosystems is important forthe human
health.
All aquatic ecosystems are provided with planktons which are microscopic,
cosmopolitan in distribution and play a prominent role as feed, food, agriculture
and as vitamin sources. $hytoplankton functions as the primary producers in the
food chain and fixing solar energy into Gitamin 6. 5oreover, it reoxygenates the
water, when they are growing and mainly used as food and feed to the aquatic
organisms in aquaculture field. %here are two major groups, i.e. phytoplankton and
2ooplankton 'Genkateswarlu, acillariophyceae, 1yanophyceae, 6inophyceae and )ugeophycean '5ini et
al .,
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9rom the very earlier periods a host of workers have stated the influence of
nutrients and physicochemical factors on algal diversity '1haturvedi and qbal,
?KKB !arikrishnan et al ., ?KKK and !us2ar et al .,
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1hlorophycean members was reported by Reshmi '
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such as p!, temperature, light intensity, alkalinity along with micro nutrients of
3unumbu Ialathour lake at Rajasthan was studied by Rajasulochana et al . '
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observed by %as and "onnol '
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different eutrophication levels in the lakes of !osur. 6ifferent nutrient
concentrations in ponds, specially nitrate and phosphate contents, induced blooms
'&andan and $atil, ?KK
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A good account of 1hlorophyta was published by Irishnamurthy '
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a significant role in the distribution pattern and species composition of plankton.
%he penetration of light, temperature, salinity, p!, hardness, phosphate and nitrate
are the important factors for the growth and density of phytoplankton on which
2ooplankton are higher consumer depend for their existence '5ohar et al .,alasingh '
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Chapter-3
&)TERI)( )ND &ET+ODS