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NEUROANATOMY
Lecture : 2
The Cerebrum (The Cerebral Hemispheres)
Prepared and presented by:
Dr. Iyad Mousa Hussein ,
MD, Ph.D in Neurology
Head of Neurology Department
Nasser Hospital
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1. Morphological subdivisions of the brain.
2. Lobes and sulci of each cerebral hemisphere.
3. The Important sulci, gyri, and functional areas of the frontal Lobe.
4. The Important Sulci, gyri, and functional areas of the parietal lobe.
5. The Important sulci, gyri, and functional areas of the temporal lobe.
6. The Important sulci, gyri, and functional areas of the occipital lobe.
7. The Internal structures of the cerebral hemispheres.
8. The layers of the cerebral cortex.
9. The white mater of the cerebral hemisphere.
LECTURE OBJECTIVES:
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The Cranial FossaThe Cranial Fossa
The cranium is divided into The cranium is divided into
three regions (fossa):three regions (fossa):
1. Anterior Cranial Fossa: 1. Anterior Cranial Fossa:
house for frontal lobes.house for frontal lobes.
2. Middle Cranial Fossa: 2. Middle Cranial Fossa:
house for temporal lobes.house for temporal lobes.
3. Posterior Cranial Fossa: 3. Posterior Cranial Fossa:
house for occipital lobes, house for occipital lobes,
cerebellum and medulla cerebellum and medulla
oblongata. oblongata.
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The brain is the intracranial part of the CNS and formed of:
1. The Cerebrum: formed of right and left cerebral hemisphere.
2. The Cerebellum: below the posterior part of the cerebrum.
3. The Brain Stem: formed of the following parts (from
downward):
1. Medulla oblongata.
2. Pons.
3. Midbrain.
Morphological Subdivisions of the Brain
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The Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemisphere)
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Site: occupies most of cranial cavity and it is the larges part
of the brain.
The cerebrum formed of two cerebral hemispheres,
connected to each other by:
1. The corpus callosum.
2. Right and left cerebral peduncles: connected to
upper part of the brain stem.
The Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemisphere)
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The Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemisphere)
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Each cerebral hemisphere has 3 poles:
1. Frontal pole: at the anterior end of the frontal lobe.
2. Temporal pole: at the anterior end of the temporal lobe.
3. Occipital pole: at the posterior end of the occipital lobe.
Poles of Each Cerebral Hemisphere
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Poles of Each Cerebral Hemisphere
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The surface of each cerebral hemisphere is divided by
three main sulci or fissures into four lobes (which have
been given the names of the skull bones under which they
lie).
These four lobes are:
1. The frontal.
2. The parietal.
3. The temporal.
4. The occipital.
Each surface of lobes is divided by sulci into gyri.
Lobes of Each Cerebral Hemisphere
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Lobes of Each Cerebral Hemisphere
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Lobes of Each Cerebral Hemisphere
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1. The longitudinal fissure: divides the cerebrum into two
hemispheres.
2. The central sulcus (Roland sulcus): it separates the
frontal lobe (infront of it) from parietal lobe (behind it).
3. The lateral sulcus (Sylvian sulcus): between frontal and
parietal lobes (above) and temporal lobe (below).
4. The parieto-occipital sulcus: it found mainly on the
medial surface of the hemisphere between parietal and
occipital lobes.
Sulci of Each Cerebral Hemisphere
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Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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The Important Sulci of the Frontal Lobe:
1. The precentral sulcus.
2. The superior frontal sulcus.
3. The inferior frontal sulcus.
A. The Frontal Lobe
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Sulci or Fissures of the Frontal Lobe
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The Important Gyri of the Frontal Lobe
1. The precentral gyrus: lies between the central and
precentral sulci.
2. The superior frontal gyrus: lies above the superior
frontal sulcus.
3. The middle frontal gyrus: lies between the superior and
inferior frontal sulci.
4. The inferior frontal gyrus: lies below the inferior frontal
sulcus.
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The Important Gyri of the Frontal Lobe
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The Important Functional Areas of the Frontal LobeThe Important Functional Areas of the Frontal Lobe
AreasSiteFunctionLesion Primary motor area (4)Precentral gyrus
Voluntary motor activity of opposite 1/2 of the body
Irritative: contralateral motor Jaksonian fitDestructive: contralateral motor paresis usually affecting one limb (monoplegia)
Secondary motor (Premotor) area (6)
Anterior part of precentral gyrus
Gives extrapyramidal fibers
Contralateral muscle hypertonia & exaggerated deep reflexes+ve pathological reflex
Frontal eye field (8)
Middle frontal gyrusVoluntary conjugate deviation of eyes to opposite side
Irritative: conjugate deviation of eyes to the opposite sideDestructive: conjugate deviation of eyes to the same side.
Area (45)Inferior frontal gyrus in dominant hemisphere
Motor center of writing. In dominant hemisphere.
Agraphia: the pt. is unable to express ideas in written words
Brocca's area (44)
Inferior frontal gyrus in dominant hemisphere
Motor center of speech. In dominant hemisphere
Motor (expressive or Brocca's or verbal) aphasia: the pt. unable to express idea in spoken words
PrefrontalAreas(9, 10, 11 & 12)
Anterior poleHigher center of memory, orientation, thinking and intelligence
Amnesia (impaired of memory);Dementia;Sphencteric dysfunction;Loss of personal hygiene
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Areas of the Frontal lobe
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Areas of the Frontal lobe
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Cortical Somatotopy
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Cortical Somatotopy
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The Important Sulci of the Parietal Lobe:
1. The postcentral sulcus.
2. The intraparietal sulcus.
B. The Parietal Lobe
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1.The postcentral gyrus: its the main gyrus of parietal lobe, lies
between the central and postcentral sulci.
2.The superior parietal gyrus: lies above the intraparietal sulcus.
3.The inferior parietal gyrus: lies below the intraparietal sulcus.
4.The supramarginal gyrus: small gyrus surrounding the upper end
of lateral sulcus.
5.The angular: small gyrus surrounding the upper end of the
temporal sulcus.
Important Gyri of the Parietal Lobe
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Sulci of the parietal lobe
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The Important Gyri of the Parietal Lobe
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The Important Functional Areas of the Parietal LobeThe Important Functional Areas of the Parietal Lobe
AreasSiteFunctionLesion
Primary sensory area (1,2,3)
Post central gyrus
Perception of cortical sensation from opposite 1/2 of the body
Irritative: contralateral sensory Jaksonian fit (numbness, paresthesia)Destructive: contralateral sensory loss of cortical sensation usually affecting one limb (monoanesthesia)
Areas 5& 7Superior parietal gyrus
Knowing the meaning of the sensations felt (by associating the visual, auditory and tactile sensation)
Asteriognosis: inability to recognize the felt objects
Angular gyrus, area (39)
Surround the upper end of superior temporal sulcus in dominant hemisphere
Visual psychic area for speech (recognition of letters & numbers). In dominant hemisphere.
Visual aphasia (alexia): the pt. can not read because he does not understand letter & number (word blindness)
Supramarginalgyrus,area (40)
Surround the upper end of lateral sulcus
Center for complex movement. In dominant hemisphere
Apraxia: inability to perform complex motor activity in absence of paresis and sensory loss or incoordination
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Areas of the Parietal lobe
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Areas of the Parietal lobe
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The Important Sulci of the Temporal Lobe:
1. The superior temporal sulcus.
2. The middle temporal sulcus.
C. The Temporal Lobe
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1. The superior temporal gyrus: lies between the lateral
sulcus and the superior temporal sulcus.
2. The middle temporal gyrus: lies between the superior
and middle temporal sulcus.
3. The inferior temporal gyrus: lies below the middle
temporal sulcus.
Important Gyri of the Temporal Lobe
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The Important Gyri of the Temporal Lobe
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The Important Gyri of the Temporal Lobe
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The Important Functional Areas of the Temporal LobeThe Important Functional Areas of the Temporal Lobe
AreasSiteFunctionLesionPrimary (area 41,42) and secondary (area 22) auditory center
In the middle part of the superior temporal gyrus
Auditory sensory area
Irritative: auditory hallucinationDestructive: Unilateral lesion of temporal lobe does not cause deafness as the sense of hearing is bilaterally represented
Sensory speech area or Wernicke's center
In the superior temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
Auditory association area (recognition & recall of sounds). In dominant hemisphere.
Auditory agnosia (sensory or Wernicke's aphasia): the pt. hears but does not understand sound
Limbic system
Uncus and hypocampus in the medial and inferior surface of the temporal lobe
Uncus: sense of smell
Hipocampus: mood & memory
a. Uncus: Irritative: olfactory hallucinationDestructive: Unilateral lesion of
temporal lobe does not cause anosmia as the sense of smell is bilaterally represented
b. Hipocampus: Temporal epilepsy and amnesia to recent events
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Areas of the Temporal lobe
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Areas of the Temporal lobe
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The main part of the occipital lobe lies on the medial
surface.
Only a small part appears on the lateral surface and
presents one sulcus called the transverse occipital
(calcarine) sulcus.
D. The Occipital Lobe
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The Occipital Lobe
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The Occipital lobe
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The Occipital lobe
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The Important Functional Areas of the Occipital LobeThe Important Functional Areas of the Occipital Lobe
AreasSiteFunctionLesion
Primary visual
sensory
area (17)
Posterior medial
part of occipital
lobe (surrounds
calcarine sulcus)
Visual sensory area
(perception of visual
impulses)
Irritative: visual
hallucination
Destructive:
contralateral
homonymous
hemianopia with
macular sparing
Secondary
(psychic)
visual area
(18, 19)
Anterior to area
17 in dominant
hemisphere
Visual association
area (Recognition &
recall of image). In
dominant hemisphere
Visual agnosia:
patient can see
but does not
recognize objects
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Areas of the Occipital Lobe
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Areas of the Occipital Lobe
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The cerebral hemispheres consists of :
1.Gray Mater (outer): composed of nerve cells (cerebral
cortex). The cells of each area has specific functions.
2.White Mater (inner): composed of nerve fibers
conducting impulses to and from the cortex.
3.Basal Ganglia: there are several groups of nuclei situated
at various levels within the white mater.
4.Lateral Ventricle: the cavity of the cerebral hemisphere.
Internal Structures of the Cerebral Hemispheres
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Internal Structures of the Cerebral Hemispheres
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1. Molecular layer.
2. External granular layer.
3. External pyramidal layer.
4. Internal granular layer.
5. Internal pyramidal layer.
6. Multiform layer.
The Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
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The Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
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Consists of myelinated nerve fibers .
There are three types of fibers in the white mater:
1. Projection fibers.
2. Commissural fibers.
3. Association fibers.
The White Mater of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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Definition: they are afferent and efferent fibers of the
cerebral cortex which pass through the internal capsule
and connect the cerebral cortex with lower centers.
Types of the Projection Fibers:
1. Ascending (afferent or sensory): to the cerebral
cortex from the thalamus.
2. Descending (efferent or motor): from the cerebral
cortex to lower centers.
The Projection Fibers
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Definition and function: is a band of white mater (nerve
fibers) connecting and coordinating of activates of the right
and left hemisphere.
The Commissural Fibers Include:
1. The corpus callosum: connect the two cerebral
hemisphere.
2. The anterior commissure: connect the two cerebral
hemisphere.
3. The posterior commissure: between the two side of
the midbrain.
4. The habenular commissure: between the right and
left habenular nuclei and epithalamus.
The Commissural Fibers
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The Commissural Fibers
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Definition: they are fibers which connect the different
cortical areas in the same hemisphere.
Function: they interrelate the functions of the different areas
of the cortex and integrate the activities of cortex as a whole.
Types of Association Fibers:
1. Short association fibers: they connect adjacent gyri
with one another.
2. Long association fibers: connect the different lobes
of the hemisphere together.
The Association Fibers
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