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NetworkingNetworkingChapter 12
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Distributed CapabilitiesDistributed CapabilitiesCommunications architectures
◦Software that supports a group of networked computers
Network operating system◦Each computer has its own private
operating systemDistributed operating system
◦Common operating system shared by a network of computers
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The Need for a Protocol The Need for a Protocol ArchitectureArchitectureComputer communications
◦Exchange of information between computers for the purpose of cooperative action
Computer network◦When tow or more computers are
interconnected via a communication network
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Two ConceptsTwo ConceptsProtocol
◦Used for communication between entities in different systems
Protocol architecture◦Broken into subtasks, each of which
is implemented separately
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File TransferFile Transfer
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The TCP/IP Protocol The TCP/IP Protocol ArchitectureArchitectureProtocol suiteFive relatively independent
layers◦Physical◦Network access◦Internet◦Host-to-host, or transport◦Application
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Physical LayerPhysical LayerSpecifying
◦the characteristics of the transmission medium
◦Nature of the signals◦Data rate
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Network Access LayerNetwork Access LayerConcerned with the exchange of
data between an end system and the network
Different standards◦Circuit switching◦Packet switching (frame relay)◦LANs (Ethernet)
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Internet LayerInternet LayerProcedures for data to traverse
different networksImplemented in the end systems
and routers
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Transport LayerTransport LayerEnsures all data arrives at the
destination and in the order sentTCP
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Application LayerApplication LayerSupports various user applicationExample: file transfer
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TCP HeaderTCP Header
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UDPUDP
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IPIP
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IPv6IPv6Provides enhancements over
existing IPDesigned to accommodate
higher speeds of a mix of data streams, graphic and video
Provides more addressesIncludes 128-bits for addresses
◦IP uses 32-bit address
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IPv6IPv6
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TCP/IP ConceptsTCP/IP Concepts
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Protocols and HeadersProtocols and Headers
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Items in the HeaderItems in the HeaderDestination network addressFacilities requests
◦Example: priority
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TCP.IP ApplicationsTCP.IP ApplicationsSimple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)File Transfer ProtocolTELNET
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SocketsSocketsEnable communication between
a client and serverConcatenation of a port value
and an IP address form a socket
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Two Types of SocketsTwo Types of SocketsStream sockets
◦Use TCP◦Reliable data transfer
Datagram sockets◦Use UDP◦Delivery is not guaranteed
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Socket SetupSocket Setupsocket() commandThree parameters
◦Protocol family is always PF_INET for TCP/IP
◦Type specifies whether stream or datagram
◦Protocol specifies either TCP or UDP
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